The articulation of /t/ in American English varies according to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Concerning social factors, word-final /t/ glottalization is seen more among speakers of African American English (Farrington 2018), younger speakers (Partin-Hernandez 2005, Roberts 2006), and women (Byrd 1994, Eddington and Channer 2010). This paper examines the production and perception of /t/ in five US states: Indiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Utah, Vermont. For the production study, participants read a letter containing 24 prenasal word-medial /t/s (e.g., kitten) and 28 prevocalic word-final /t/s (e.g., not ever). For the perception study, 22 speakers recorded a unique sentence, each of which was manipulated acoustically in order to yield both oral and nasal releases of prenasal word-medial /t/ (e.g. button [bʌʔən] vs [bʌʔn̩]), as well as tap and glottal stop pronunciations of prevocalic word-final /t/ (e.g. not ever [nɑɾɛvɚ] vs. [nɑʔɛvɚ]). Next, these recordings were presented to participants who rated the speakers in terms of their perceived age, friendliness, pleasantness, rurality, education level, and whether they were from the same state as the participants. The production results for prenasal word-medial /t/ (e.g. button) indicate that younger speakers produced oral releases more often than their older counterparts. Age also was related to the realization of prevocalic word-final /t/ as a glottal stop (e.g., not ever), such that younger speakers and women produced glottal stops more often than older speakers. In the perception study, speakers who used glottal stops were viewed as less educated and less friendly. Speakers who used oral releases were perceived as more rustic and less educated. This paper contributes to the literature documenting the production and perception of /t/ in American English and to the literature that demonstrates the usefulness of using both production and perceptual data to study language variation (e.g., Brown 2015).

中文翻译：

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美国声门后 /t/ 声门化和口腔释放的产生和感知研究

美式英语中 /t/ 的发音因语言和语言外因素而异。关于社会因素，在说非裔美国人英语 (Farrington 2018)、年轻说者 (Partin-Hernandez 2005, Roberts 2006) 和女性 (Byrd 1994, Eddington 和 Channer 2010) 的人中更多地看到词尾 /t/ 声门化。本文研究了 /t/ 在美国五个州的生产和感知：印第安纳州、密西西比州、新墨西哥州、犹他州和佛蒙特州。在生产研究中，参与者阅读了一封包含 24 个鼻前词中音 /t/s（例如，kitten）和 28 个声前词尾 /t/s（例如，not ever）的字母。在感知研究中，22 位说话者录制了一个独特的句子，每个句子都经过声学处理，以产生鼻前词中音 /t/ 的口音和鼻音（例如 button [bʌʔən] vs [bʌʔn̩]），以及元音词尾 /t/ 的敲击和声门停止发音（例如，not ever [nɑɾɛvɚ] vs. [nɑʔɛvɚ]）。接下来，将这些录音呈现给参与者，参与者根据他们感知的年龄、友善、愉快、农村、教育水平以及他们是否与参与者来自同一州来对说话者进行评分。prenasal word-medial /t/（例如 button）的产生结果表明，年轻的说话者比年长的说话者更频繁地产生口头释放。年龄也与声门韵尾 /t/ 作为声门塞音的实现有关（例如，从来没有），因此年轻的说话者和女性比年长的说话者更频繁地发出声门塞音。在感知研究中，使用声门塞音的说话者被认为受教育程度较低且不太友好。使用口头发布的演讲者被认为更土气，受教育程度更低。本文有助于记录美式英语中 /t/ 的产生和感知的文献，以及证明使用产生和感知数据来研究语言变异的有用性的文献（例如，Brown 2015）。