Unusual fatty acids with special carbon chain length or functional groups have been extensively used in the chemical, material, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. The traditional sources of these valuable fatty acids mainly include animal or plant extraction and chemical synthesis, which are unsustainable and may cause considerable environmental issues. The advancement of synthetic biology tools has facilitated the microbial production of lipids enriched in these fatty acids. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is considered an attractive industrial host suitable for the production of advanced unusual fatty acids due to its high intrinsic lipogenesis ability. In this review, we introduce the most cutting-edge developments in synthetic biology tools for Y. lipolytica, as well as the recent progress in harnessing these tools to engineer the Y. lipolytica chassis to overaccumulate various unusual fatty acids, including odd-chain fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cyclopropane fatty acids, methyl-branched fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids, and medium chain fatty acids. In addition, the future prospects of the unusual fatty acids using the Y. lipolytica platform are discussed in light of the current progress, challenges, and trends in this field. Finally, guidelines for future studies are also emphasized.

具有特殊碳链长度或官能团的不寻常脂肪酸已广泛用于化学、材料、保健品和制药行业。这些有价值的脂肪酸的传统来源主要包括动植物提取和化学合成，这些都是不可持续的，可能会造成相当大的环境问题。合成生物学工具的进步促进了富含这些脂肪酸的脂质的微生物生产。产油酵母解脂耶氏酵母被认为是一种有吸引力的工业宿主，由于其高内在的脂肪生成能力，它适用于生产高级不寻常的脂肪酸。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了解脂耶氏酵母合成生物学工具中最前沿的发展，以及利用这些工具设计解脂耶氏酵母底盘以过度积累各种不寻常的脂肪酸的最新进展，包括奇数链脂肪酸、共轭脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、环丙烷脂肪酸、甲基支链脂肪酸，羟基化脂肪酸和中链脂肪酸。此外，结合该领域的当前进展、挑战和趋势，讨论了使用解脂耶氏酵母平台的不寻常脂肪酸的未来前景。最后，还强调了未来研究的指导方针。