The modelling of soot formation is investigated for two turbulent flames, at atmospheric and 3 atm pressure conditions. For the first time, a semi-empirical soot formulation that accounts for soot inception, coagulation, surface growth, and oxidation processes is coupled with the turbulent combustion model, Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) using Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Detailed chemistry is included and an optically thin radiation model is considered. Non-adiabatic chemistry tabulations are created. Good agreement with the experiments is found for turbulent mixing and temperature fields in both flames, with some discrepancies believed to be due to the turbulence modelling approach. At 1 atm, the soot volume fractions are in reasonable agreement with the experiments, but typically smaller than the measurements with the centerline peak locating closer to the fuel exit. At 3 atm, good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental data is achieved for the soot volume fraction within the experimental error. The centerline peak location is observed slightly farther downstream. Possible sources of discrepancies are examined and comparison with previously published numerical results is also undertaken. Differential diffusion and modified soot chemistry constants may bring further improvement. Without any particular tuning of soot chemistry, soot modelling within CSE is shown to be a promising approach.

在大气压和 3 个大气压条件下，研究了两种湍流火焰的烟灰形成模型。考虑到烟灰开始、凝结、表面生长和氧化过程的半经验烟灰公式首次与湍流燃烧模型、使用雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程的条件源项估计 (CSE) 相结合。包括详细的化学成分，并考虑了光学薄辐射模型。创建非绝热化学表格。两种火焰中的湍流混合和温度场都与实验有很好的一致性，一些差异被认为是由于湍流建模方法造成的。在 1 atm 时，烟灰体积分数与实验合理一致，但通常小于中心线峰值靠近燃料出口的测量值。在 3 atm 时，数值预测和实验数据之间的一致性很好，对于实验误差内的烟灰体积分数。在下游稍远的地方观察到中心线峰值位置。检查了可能的差异来源，并与先前公布的数值结果进行了比较。差异扩散和改进的烟灰化学常数可能会带来进一步的改善。在没有对烟灰化学进行任何特殊调整的情况下，CSE 中的烟灰建模被证明是一种很有前途的方法。在下游稍远的地方观察到中心线峰值位置。检查了可能的差异来源，并与先前公布的数值结果进行了比较。差异扩散和改进的烟灰化学常数可能会带来进一步的改善。在没有对烟灰化学进行任何特殊调整的情况下，CSE 中的烟灰建模被证明是一种很有前途的方法。在下游稍远的地方观察到中心线峰值位置。检查了可能的差异来源，并与先前公布的数值结果进行了比较。差异扩散和改进的烟灰化学常数可能会带来进一步的改善。在没有对烟灰化学进行任何特殊调整的情况下，CSE 中的烟灰建模被证明是一种很有前途的方法。