Abstract

Organic contaminants of emerging concern (OCECs) originating from assorted sources have attracted increasing attention latterly as most of them are not under routine surveillance or effective regulation but possess persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic potential. Massive terrestrial inputs and proximity to intense human activities have elevated OCEC contamination in many estuaries. The present review outlines the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence and fate, as well as bioavailability of nine classes of OCECs, i.e., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, alternative halogenated flame retardants, organophosphate esters, chlorinated paraffins, ionic surfactants, phthalate alternatives, polyhalogenated carbazoles, synthetic antioxidants, and bisphenol A alternatives in global estuaries. Available data have documented prevalence of studied OCECs in estuarine compartments from around the world, particularly in North America, Europe, and Asia. Their spatiotemporal trends, vertical distributions in the water column, and multi-media partitioning are mainly dependent on anthropogenic impacts (e.g., production and consumption patterns, urbanization, industrialization, and waste treatment), hydrodynamics, meteorological conditions, characteristics of environmental media and the interactions with OCECs, and physiochemical properties of OCECs. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification have also been reported for many estuarine OCECs, which favor those with moderate hydrophobicity, considerable proteophilicity, and satisfactory resistance to environmental degradation and biological transformation. To comprehensively elucidate OCEC exposure for estuarine ecosystems from the big picture, future research is warranted in various fields, including environmental chemistry and (eco-)toxicology, and may involve more interdisciplinary collaborations.

摘要

源自各种来源的新兴关注有机污染物 (OCEC) 最近引起了越来越多的关注，因为它们中的大多数没有受到常规监测或有效监管，但具有持久性、生物累积性和毒性潜力。大量的陆地输入和靠近密集的人类活动已经增加了许多河口的 OCEC 污染。本综述概述了当前关于九类 OCEC 的环境发生和归宿以及生物利用度的知识，即全氟和多氟烷基物质、替代卤化阻燃剂、有机磷酸酯、氯化石蜡、离子表面活性剂、邻苯二甲酸酯替代品、多卤化物全球河口中的咔唑、合成抗氧化剂和双酚 A 替代品。现有数据记录了世界各地，特别是北美、欧洲和亚洲的河口隔间中所研究的 OCEC 的流行情况。它们的时空趋势、在水柱中的垂直分布和多媒体分区主要取决于人为影响（例如，生产和消费模式、城市化、工业化和废物处理）、流体动力学、气象条件、环境介质的特征和与 OCEC 的相互作用，以及 OCEC 的理化特性。许多河口 OCEC 也有生物积累和生物放大作用，这有利于那些具有中等疏水性、相当大的亲蛋白性以及对环境退化和生物转化具有令人满意的抵抗力的 OCEC。