Biodiversity conservation and promotion of agroecology (including organic farming) are focused as priorities by European Commission, as reported in the Biodiversity and Farm to Fork Strategies. In this context, agricultural practices can be considered for their contribution to harnessing ecosystem services to sustain agricultural production, while minimising negative environmental effects. Among these, redesigning agricultural systems through diversification practices can be very promising by exploiting the natural biodiversity in space and time, and connecting farms with natural environments. Being an interface between above and belowground, spontaneous plants (i.e., the weeds) are considered valuable agroecosystem components that, if properly managed, provide ecosystem functions and services, and holding key role for biodiversity conservation within agroecosystems. In this study, we explored the response of spontaneous flora communities in terms of abundance, diversity, and functional traits to different soil and agrobiodiversity management strategies (soil ripping vs reduced tillage at orchard planting, soil tillage vs minimum/no tillage in orchard floor management over 5 years) and cover crop introduction in a new planted organic apricot orchard. Our results showed the strong impact of the planting operation on pre-existing spontaneous flora community structure but a resilient trajectory in the following years in recovering the previous community traits distribution. Interannual variability was the main factor affecting communities. However, the reduced tillage condition showed a conservative trend of the incidence of perennials in the community, while the introduction of cover crops generally decreased species richness and abundance. Understanding the mechanisms by which soil management practices affect weed communities can guide the designing of sustainable agroecosystems, preserving their functionality and biodiversity over time.

正如《生物多样性和从农场到餐桌的战略》中所报告的，生物多样性保护和农业生态学（包括有机农业）的促进是欧盟委员会的优先事项。在这种情况下，可以考虑农业实践有助于利用生态系统服务来维持农业生产，同时最大限度地减少负面环境影响。其中，通过在空间和时间上利用自然生物多样性以及将农场与自然环境联系起来，通过多样化实践重新设计农业系统非常有前景。作为地上和地下之间的界面，自发植物（即杂草）被认为是有价值的农业生态系统组成部分，如果管理得当，可以提供生态系统功能和服务，并在农业生态系统内对生物多样性保护发挥关键作用。在这项研究中，我们探讨了自发植物群落在丰度、多样性和功能性状方面对不同土壤和农业生物多样性管理策略（果园种植时土壤撕裂与减少耕作、果园地面管理中土壤耕作与少耕/免耕）的响应。 5 年以上）并在新种植的有机杏园中引入覆盖作物。我们的研究结果表明，种植操作对先前存在的自发植物群落结构产生了强烈影响，但在接下来的几年中恢复了先前的群落特征分布的弹性轨迹。年际变化是影响社区的主要因素。然而，减少耕作条件表明社区多年生植物发病率呈保守趋势，而覆盖作物的引入普遍降低了物种丰富度和丰度。了解土壤管理实践影响杂草群落的机制可以指导可持续农业生态系统的设计，随着时间的推移保持其功能和生物多样性。