Europe is witnessing a ‘double dualisation’ process, whereby inequalities have increased both between labour market insiders and outsiders, and between core and peripheral countries. We test the double dualisation hypothesis in the context of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Did the COVID crisis exacerbate income inequalities between insiders and outsiders? Did cross-country territorial divides also increase? Did national governments' emergency measures contribute to containing or widening double dualisation? We deploy a multi-method research design that combines original survey data on seven old EU member states with three case studies on Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. Results show that, in the short term, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a catalyst of double dualisation: outsiders bore the greatest burden, especially in southern European countries. National emergency measures largely depended on the fiscal leeway available to governments and followed pre-existing welfare trajectories, thus worsening cross-country inequalities, with potentially severe consequences for the European integration process.

中文翻译：

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扩大双重二元化？第一波 COVID-19 大流行期间西欧的劳动力市场不平等和国家社会政策应对措施


欧洲正在经历“双重二元化”进程，劳动力市场内部和外部之间、核心国家和外围国家之间的不平等都在加剧。我们在第一波 COVID-19 大流行的背景下检验了双重化假设。新冠危机是否加剧了内部人和外部人之间的收入不平等？跨国领土鸿沟是否也扩大了？各国政府的紧急措施是否有助于遏制或扩大双重二元化？我们部署了一种多方法研究设计，将七个老欧盟成员国的原始调查数据与德国、意大利和荷兰的三个案例研究相结合。结果显示，短期内，COVID-19 大流行已成为双重二元化的催化剂：外来者承受的负担最大，尤其是在南欧国家。国家紧急措施在很大程度上取决于政府的财政余地，并遵循预先存在的福利轨迹，从而加剧了跨国不平等，可能给欧洲一体化进程带来严重后果。