In arid and semi-arid regions, soil salinity and sodicity are the most common constraints to agriculture production, in particular in North Africa. The effect of gypsum application has been widely studied in saline-sodic soils. However, the gypsum amendment's influence on the performance, productivity and mineral absorption of salt-sensitive and tolerant wheat cultivars in both saline-sodic and normal soils under field conditions has not yet been investigated. A two-season (2016–17 and 2017–18) field experiment was undertaken to investigate the impact of gypsum on wheat growth, yield and minerals uptake for salt-tolerant and sensitive cultivars grown in normal (EC = 1.3 dS m⁻¹, pH = 8.4 and ESP = 7.1–8.0%) and saline-sodic soils (EC = 5.8–6.2 dS m⁻¹, pH = 8.8 and ESP = 19.3–22.4%) in the western Nile delta, Egypt. The gypsum requirement was applied to decrease the initial ESP from 19.3–22.4 to 10.0% was calculated for 0.3 m soil depth. Gypsum application (6.0 and 4.7 ton ha¹, for the first and second season, respectively) reduced soil pH, EC and ESP of saline-sodic soil by 31.6, 7.3 and 39.0%, respectively (two-season mean). Furthermore, gypsum application increased Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ in the flag leaf by 54.7, 24.5 and 45.7%, respectively (2-season mean) under saline-sodic soil. While, in the normal soil, gypsum application increased Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ by 67.3, 32.7 and 78.7%, respectively. In contrast, gypsum applications decreased Na⁺ and Cl⁻ content by 17.2 and 15.0% and by 40.0 and 35.5%, respectively, in the saline-sodic and normal soil, respectively. Under saline-sodic and normal soils, gypsum application significantly increased the K/Na ratio by 90.0 and 175.2%, respectively (2-season mean). Interestingly, across cultivars, gypsum amendment increased grain yield by 20.7% (6.9 to 8.3 t ha⁻¹) for normal soil and by 8.0% (5.8 to 6.3 t ha⁻¹) for saline-sodic soil. The positive impact of gypsum was more pronounced under the normal soil and for the salt-sensitive cultivars than in saline-sodic soil and for salt-tolerant cultivars. Growers can cultivate salt-tolerant cultivars and use gypsum as a precaution to reduce saline-sodicity build-up and to increase nutrient absorption.

中文翻译：

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石膏改良剂影响在正常和盐碱土壤中生长的小麦品种的性能和矿物质吸收

在干旱和半干旱地区，土壤盐分和碱度是农业生产最常见的制约因素，尤其是在北非。石膏施用的效果已在盐碱土壤中得到广泛研究。然而，尚未研究在田间条件下，石膏改良剂对盐敏感和耐盐小麦品种在盐碱土壤和普通土壤中的性能、生产力和矿物质吸收的影响。进行了为期两季（2016-17 和 2017-18）的田间试验，以研究石膏对正常生长的耐盐和敏感品种（ EC = 1.3 dS m ^-1 , pH = 8.4 和 ESP = 7.1–8.0%）和盐碱土（EC = 5.8–6.2 dS m ^-1, pH = 8.8 和 ESP = 19.3–22.4%) 在埃及尼罗河三角洲西部。应用石膏要求将初始 ESP 从 19.3-22.4 降低到 10.0%，计算为 0.3 m 土壤深度。^{石膏应用（第一季和第二季}分别为6.0 和 4.7 吨 ha1 ）使盐碱土的土壤 pH 值、EC 和 ESP 分别降低了 31.6%、7.3% 和 39.0%（两季平均值）。此外，在盐碱土壤下，石膏的施用使旗叶中的Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺和K ^{+分别增加了54.7%、24.5%和45.7%（2个季节平均值）。}而在普通土壤中，石膏施用增加了Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺和K ⁺分别为 67.3、32.7 和 78.7%。相比之下，石膏施用使盐碱土和普通土壤中的Na ⁺和 Cl ^{-含量分别降低了 17.2% 和 15.0% 以及 40.0% 和 35.5%。}在盐碱土和普通土壤下，石膏施用显着增加了 K/Na 比，分别为 90.0 和 175.2%（2 季平均值）。有趣的是，在所有品种中，石膏改良剂使普通土壤的谷物产量增加了 20.7%（6.9 至 8.3 t ha ^{-1 ）和 8.0%（5.8 至 6.3 t ha -1}) 用于盐碱土。石膏的积极影响在普通土壤和盐敏感品种中比在盐碱土和耐盐品种中更明显。种植者可以种植耐盐品种，并使用石膏作为预防措施，以减少盐碱度的积累并增加养分吸收。