OBJECTIVE International consensus statements highlight the value of neuropsychological testing for sport-related concussion. Computerized measures are the most frequently administered assessments of pre-injury baseline and post-injury cognitive functioning, despite known measurement limitations. To our knowledge, no studies have explored the convergent validity of computerized Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) and traditional, well-validated paper and pencil (P&P) neuropsychological tests in high school student athletes. This study aimed to assess a "hybrid" adolescent test battery composed of ImPACT and P&P measures to determine the extent of shared variance among ImPACT and P&P tests to inform comprehensive yet streamlined assessment. METHOD Participants included male and female high school student athletes in the Southeastern United States participating in American football, hockey, and soccer who completed a battery of ImPACT and P&P tests (N = 69). RESULTS We performed principal component analysis with ProMax rotation to determine components of the hybrid battery that maximally accounted for observed variance of the data (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin factor adequacy = 0.71). Our analysis revealed four independent factors (Verbal Learning and Memory, ImPACT Memory and Speed, Verbal Processing Speed/Executive Functions, and Nonverbal Processing Speed/Executive Functions) explaining 75% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study in adolescent student athletes support those from the adult literature demonstrating the independence of ImPACT and P&P tests. Providers should be aware of limitations in using standalone ImPACT or P&P measures to evaluate cognitive functioning after concussion. If confirmed in a larger, clinical sample, our findings suggest that a hybrid battery of computerized and P&P measures provides a broad scope of adolescent cognitive functioning to better inform recovery decisions, including return to play after concussion.

中文翻译：

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评估高中生运动员的季前基线认知功能：一种“混合”方法。

目标 国际共识声明强调了神经心理学测试对运动相关脑震荡的价值。尽管已知的测量限制，计算机化测量是对受伤前基线和受伤后认知功能最常用的评估。据我们所知，没有研究探索计算机化的即时脑震荡后评估和认知测试 (ImPACT) 和传统的、经过充分验证的纸笔 (P&P) 神经心理学测试在高中学生运动员中的收敛效度。本研究旨在评估由 ImPACT 和 P&P 测量组成的“混合”青少年测试组合，以确定 ImPACT 和 P&P 测试之间共享差异的程度，从而为全面而简化的评估提供信息。方法 参与者包括美国东南部参加美式橄榄球、曲棍球和足球的男女高中生运动员，他们完成了一系列 ImPACT 和 P&P 测试 (N = 69)。结果 我们使用 ProMax 旋转进行了主成分分析，以确定最大程度地解释观察到的数据方差的混合电池组件（Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 因子充分性 = 0.71）。我们的分析揭示了四个独立因素（语言学习和记忆、ImPACT 记忆和速度、语言处理速度/执行功能和非语言处理速度/执行功能）解释了 75% 的方差。结论 这项针对青少年学生运动员的研究结果支持成人文献中的结果，证明了 ImPACT 和 P&P 测试的独立性。提供者应该意识到使用独立的 ImPACT 或 P&P 措施来评估脑震荡后认知功能的局限性。如果在更大的临床样本中得到证实，我们的研究结果表明，计算机化和 P&P 测量的混合电池提供了广泛的青少年认知功能，以更好地为恢复决策提供信息，包括脑震荡后重返赛场。