Stress and substance use disorders remain two of the most highly prevalent psychiatric conditions and are often comorbid. While individually these conditions have a debilitating impact on the patient and a high cost to society, the symptomology and treatment outcomes are further exacerbated when they occur together. As such, there are few effective treatment options for these patients, and recent investigation has sought to determine the neural processes underlying the co-occurrence of these disorders to identify novel treatment targets. One such mechanism that has been linked to stress- and addiction-related conditions is neuroimmune signaling. Increases in inflammatory factors across the brain have been heavily implicated in the etiology of these disorders, and this review seeks to determine the nature of this relationship. According to the “dual-hit” hypothesis, also referred to as neuroimmune priming, prior exposure to either stress or drugs of abuse can sensitize the neuroimmune system to be hyperresponsive when exposed to these insults in the future. This review completes an examination of the literature surrounding stress-induced increases in inflammation across clinical and preclinical studies along with a summarization of the evidence regarding drug-induced alterations in inflammatory factors. These changes in neuroimmune profiles are also discussed within the context of their impact on the neural circuitry responsible for stress responsiveness and addictive behaviors. Further, this review explores the connection between neuroimmune signaling and susceptibility to these conditions and highlights the anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies that may be used for the treatment of stress and substance use disorders.

压力和物质使用障碍仍然是两种最普遍的精神疾病，并且通常是共病的。虽然这些情况单独出现会对患者造成严重影响，并给社会带来高昂的成本，但当它们同时出现时，症状和治疗结果会进一步恶化。因此，这些患者几乎没有有效的治疗选择，最近的研究试图确定这些疾病同时发生的神经过程，以确定新的治疗靶点。与压力和成瘾相关疾病相关的一种机制是神经免疫信号传导。大脑中炎症因子的增加与这些疾病的病因密切相关，本综述旨在确定这种关系的本质。根据“双重打击”假说（也称为神经免疫启动），先前暴露于压力或滥用药物可能会使神经免疫系统敏感，在未来暴露于这些侮辱时会过度反应。本综述完成了对临床和临床前研究中压力引起的炎症增加的文献的审查，并总结了药物引起的炎症因子改变的证据。神经免疫特征的这些变化也在其对负责压力反应和成瘾行为的神经回路的影响的背景下进行了讨论。此外，这篇综述探讨了神经免疫信号传导与对这些疾病的易感性之间的联系，并强调了可用于治疗压力和物质使用障碍的抗炎药物疗法。