Intestinal host-microbiota interactions during the first year of life are critical for infant development. Early-life antibiotic exposures disrupt stereotypical gut microbiota maturation and adversely affect childhood health. Furthermore, antibiotics increase the abundance of resistant bacteria and enrich the resistome—the compendium of antibiotic resistance genes—within the gut microbiota. Here, we discuss acute and persistent impacts of antibiotic exposure during infancy on pediatric health, the gut microbiome, and, particularly, the resistome. Reviewing our current understanding of antibiotic resistance acquisition and dissemination within and between microbiomes, we highlight open questions, which are imperative to resolve in the face of rising bacterial resistance.

生命第一年的肠道宿主与微生物群的相互作用对于婴儿的发育至关重要。生命早期接触抗生素会破坏肠道微生物群的成熟，并对儿童健康产生不利影响。此外，抗生素增加了耐药细菌的丰度，并丰富了肠道微生物群中的耐药组（抗生素耐药基因的概要）。在这里，我们讨论婴儿期接触抗生素对儿科健康、肠道微生物组，特别是耐药组的急性和持续影响。回顾我们目前对微生物组内部和之间抗生素耐药性获得和传播的理解，我们强调了面对细菌耐药性不断上升必须解决的悬而未决的问题。