Optical metasurfaces are planar metamaterials that can mediate highly precise light–matter interactions. Because of their unique optical properties, both plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces have found common use in sensing applications, enabling label-free, nondestructive, and miniaturized sensors with ultralow limits of detection. However, because bare metasurfaces inherently lack target specificity, their applications have driven the development of surface modification techniques that provide selectivity. Both chemical functionalization and physical texturing methodologies can modify and enhance metasurface properties by selectively capturing analytes at the surface and altering the transduction of light–matter interactions into optical signals. This review summarizes recent advances in material-specific surface functionalization and texturing as applied to representative optical metasurfaces. We also present an overview of the underlying chemistry driving functionalization and texturing processes, including detailed directions for their broad implementation. Overall, this review provides a concise and centralized guide for the modification of metasurfaces with a focus toward sensing applications.

中文翻译：

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用于传感应用的光学超表面的表面功能化和纹理化

光学超表面是平面超材料，可以介导高精度的光-物质相互作用。由于其独特的光学特性，等离子和介电超表面都已在传感应用中得到普遍使用，从而实现了具有超低检测限的无标记、无损和小型化传感器。然而，由于裸露的超表面本身缺乏目标特异性，它们的应用推动了提供选择性的表面改性技术的发展。化学功能化和物理纹理化方法都可以通过选择性地捕获表面的分析物并改变光-物质相互作用转化为光信号的方式来修改和增强超表面特性。本综述总结了应用于代表性光学超表面的材料特定表面功能化和纹理化的最新进展。我们还概述了驱动功能化和纹理化过程的基础化学过程，包括其广泛实施的详细方向。总的来说，这篇综述为超表面的修改提供了一个简明而集中的指南，重点是传感应用。