The present study assessed longitudinal relations between paternal supportive parenting in infancy (12 months) and toddlerhood (36 months) and children's observed self-regulation skills at preschool age (48 months) in a large sample of Norwegian families (N = 771; 48% girls, 52% boys, 28% experienced some socioeconomic risk). After accounting for child sex, socioeconomic risk (6 and 12 months), and observed maternal supportive parenting (24 moths), structural equation modeling revealed that observed paternal supportive parenting with children at 36, but not 12, months was independently associated with a latent factor representing children's observed self-regulation skills at 48 months. Further, a significant indirect pathway emerged such that paternal supportive parenting at 12 months was associated with children's self-regulation skills at 48 months, via paternal supportive parenting at 36 months. Results are discussed with implications for supporting paternal caregiving during infancy to promote children's emerging self-regulation skills.

中文翻译：

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早期父亲支持性养育与学龄前儿童自我调节之间的稳定纵向关系

本研究评估了挪威家庭的大样本（N= 771; 48% 的女孩，52% 的男孩，28% 的人经历了一些社会经济风险）。在考虑了儿童性别、社会经济风险（6 个月和 12 个月）和观察到的母亲支持养育（24 个月）后，结构方程模型显示，观察到的对 36 个月而非 12 个月的孩子的父亲支持养育与潜在的独立相关代表儿童在 48 个月时观察到的自我调节技能的因素。此外，出现了一条重要的间接途径，即通过 36 个月的父亲支持养育，12 个月时的父亲支持养育与 48 个月的儿童自我调节技能相关。讨论了结果与在婴儿期支持父亲照顾以促进儿童新兴的自我调节技能的影响。