Readily accessible tartramide ligands have been demonstrated to promote copper-catalysed N-arylation under mild conditions. In addition, the coupling protocol employs cheap and readily available pre-catalyst, ligand, and base (NaOH), and overcomes many current limitations often associated with Ullmann coupling: it can be run with low catalyst loadings, does not require the use of excess amine, operates at room temperature, is fully homogeneous, and displays improved tolerance to air and moisture. Detailed kinetic studies using reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) methods have provided insight into the factors influencing the reaction rate in terms of impact of ligand structure, reactant/catalyst dependence and catalyst (in)stability. These kinetic insights have been used in a quality-by-design approach for further optimization of the reaction protocol. The reaction scope was extended to 22 examples, showing broad applicability for a wide range of substituted aryl iodides with both primary and secondary amines.

中文翻译：

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室温下铜催化 N-芳基化的酒石酰胺配体

已证明容易获得的酒石酰胺配体在温和条件下促进铜催化的 N-芳基化。此外，该偶联方案采用廉价且易于获得的预催化剂、配体和碱 (NaOH)，并克服了许多当前与 Ullmann 偶联相关的限制：它可以在低催化剂负载下运行，不需要使用过量胺，在室温下操作，完全均质，对空气和水分的耐受性提高。使用反应进程动力学分析 (RPKA) 方法进行的详细动力学研究已经深入了解了影响反应速率的因素，包括配体结构、反应物/催化剂依赖性和催化剂（不）稳定性的影响。这些动力学见解已被用于质量设计方法中，以进一步优化反应方案。反应范围扩大到 22 个实例，显示出对具有伯胺和仲胺的各种取代芳基碘化物的广泛适用性。