This article focuses on two key questions that have been central in debates following the Rhodes Must Fall protests at the University of Oxford in 2015–16: whether Rhodes supported and contributed to racial segregation in the Cape Colony, and how to characterise the violence in the conquest of Zimbabwe in the 1890s. With respect to the Cape, the evidence shows that Rhodes supported developments that intensified racial segregation in the late 19th century, including restrictions on the franchise, punitive racially based masters and servants legislation and a labour (poll) tax for African people only. He was involved as an employer in the beginning of coercive compounds for black workers and other racially restrictive practices. In respect of Zimbabwe, 1890–97, Rhodes and his British South Africa Company were responsible for extreme violence against African people. Unbridled use was made of the Maxim gun; cattle were looted by the Company and its agents on a large scale; grain stores and crops were appropriated or destroyed over a sustained period as a deliberate strategy; over a period of nine months in 1896–97, African men (including armed men), women and children sheltering in caves were blown up with dynamite. Rhodes was aware of these practices, at times participating or present while they were taking place and involved in strategic discussions. The article is based on published sources, and some of this is established in the historiography, but I do not know of an attempt to assess and quantify deaths in Zimbabwe. The material supports the argument that a celebratory statue of Rhodes at Oriel College is inappropriate and that it should be moved.

本文重点关注 2015-16 年牛津大学罗德斯必须堕落抗议活动后辩论中的两个关键问题：罗德斯是否支持并促成了开普殖民地的种族隔离，以及如何描述1890 年代征服津巴布韦。关于开普敦，证据表明，罗兹支持在 19 世纪后期加剧种族隔离的发展，包括限制选举权、基于种族的惩罚性主人和仆人立法以及仅针对非洲人的劳动（人头）税。他作为雇主参与了针对黑人工人的强制化合物和其他种族限制做法的开始。关于津巴布韦，1890-97 年，罗德斯和他的英国南非公司应对针对非洲人民的极端暴力负责。Maxim枪被肆无忌惮地使用。牛被公司及其代理人大规模抢劫；作为蓄意的策略，粮食储备和农作物在一段持续时间内被占用或毁坏；在 1896-97 年的 9 个月内，躲在洞穴中的非洲男人（包括武装男子）、妇女和儿童被炸药炸毁。Rhodes 了解这些做法，有时会在这些做法发生时参与或在场，并参与战略讨论。这篇文章基于已发表的资料，其中一些是在史学中确立的，但我不知道有人尝试评估和量化津巴布韦的死亡人数。