The general concept of temperature is thermodynamically defined in equilibrium somehow predictable even for non-equilibrium; however, it presents some still controversial aspects, as has been shown in a number of studies and reviews that have been published so far. Equilibrium concepts are often extrapolated to apply in micro-localized equilibrium and then appended to non-equilibrium in its entirety, which helps to define out-of-equilibrium temperature on both the macroscopic and microscopic bases. Unfortunately, these theoretical analyses do not provide any guidance on how to assess and understand temperature in practical measurements, such as for conventional thermal analysis. Insufficient use of alternative thermodynamic attitudes is evident especially in the field of thermophysical studies, which do not use static measurements, because they usually involve heating from an external source, i. e., the effect of thermal dynamics on the laboratory sample. This paper presents the applied nonequilibrium thermodynamic concept, historically known as thermotics. This approach takes into account the existence of gradients and heat fluxes, which it assesses from the point of view of the average user, and considers additional influences, going beyond the description of thermodynamics in traditional textbooks. The goal is to extend their validity, even to the state of constant first-time derivatives. At the same time, it points to changes in the temperature due to thermal inertia, which has long been ignored, suggesting that the heat spreads immediately. Moreover, special techniques enabling measurements during its extreme changes probably then require an alternative concept for temperature (tempericity). This opinion paper may provide stimuli for further discussion with regard to the practice of measurements done in the customary nonisothermal mode.

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热力学作为适用于实际热分析测量的替代非平衡热力学方法：简短回顾

温度的一般概念在热力学上定义为平衡状态，即使对于非平衡状态也是可以预测的；然而，它提出了一些仍有争议的方面，如迄今为止已发表的许多研究和评论所示。平衡概念通常被外推以应用于微观局部平衡，然后整体附加到非平衡，这有助于在宏观和微观基础上定义失衡温度。不幸的是，这些理论分析并没有为如何在实际测量中评估和理解温度提供任何指导，例如传统的热分析。替代热力学态度的使用不足很明显，特别是在不使用静态测量的热物理研究领域，因为它们通常涉及来自外部来源的加热，即热动力学对实验室样品的影响。本文介绍了应用的非平衡热力学概念，历史上称为热力学。这种方法考虑了梯度和热通量的存在，它从普通用户的角度进行评估，并考虑了额外的影响，超出了传统教科书对热力学的描述。目标是扩展它们的有效性，甚至扩展到恒定的首次导数状态。同时，它指出了由于热惯性引起的温度变化，这一点长期以来一直被忽视，表明热量立即传播。而且，在极端变化期间实现测量的特殊技术可能需要一个替代的温度概念（温度）。本意见书可能会为进一步讨论以常规非等温模式进行测量的实践提供刺激。