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Internal Investigations, Whistleblowing and External Monitoring
European Company and Financial Law Review Pub Date : 2022-03-18 , DOI: 10.1515/ecfr-2021-0036
Klaus J. Hopt 1
Affiliation  

Internal investigations, whistleblowing and external monitoring are three information and enforcement channels that belong to corporate compliance. They are a task of the management and/or the board of directors. The board is legally bound to see that the compliance obligations are met, but it has broad entrepreneurial discretion (business judgment) in terms of deciding how this should be done. These standards have established themselves in large companies in a typical sequence of a stages and steps: (1) Indication of an incident: plausibility assessment, preparation, possible ad hoc measures, investigation; (2) Legal assessment of the interim result based on the facts at hand, data analysis and interviews; (3) Result and reporting: measures, tracking, follow-up and identification of lessons learned. In the case of listed companies, the establishment of a whistleblower organization is considered to be a part of good corporate governance and may now also legally be part of the organizational compliance obligation that is already required for them. The EU Whistleblower Directive of 7 October 2019 only concerns disclosures about violations of European legal provisions, it is not yet sure whether the Member States will introduce a whistleblower system for national legal provisions too. In the case of external monitoring, a distinction must be made between monitors that are used by the supervisory authority itself, usually through an administrative act, for example in accordance with banking law, and those installed by the company itself, albeit often in an international context and under pressure from a foreign supervisory authority. There is broad and detailed body of comparative legal experiences from the USA, the United Kingdom and Switzerland on internal investigations, whistleblowing and external monitoring, which can also be relevant in other countries for legislation, case law and scholarship. Empirical studies on all three information and enforcement channels are available, but they seem to be scarce. Conversely there are now many important findings and experience from national and international corporate law practice that are particularly relevant for external monitoring, which is still less well known in many countries. These findings not only offer suggestions but in some cases already represent good corporate governance standards. In parts and over the long term they can form legal obligations for the corporate board.

中文翻译:

内部调查、举报和外部监控

内部调查、举报和外部监控是属于企业合规的三个信息和执法渠道。它们是管理层和/或董事会的任务。董事会在法律上有义务确保遵守合规义务,但在决定如何完成合规义务方面,它拥有广泛的企业自由裁量权(商业判断)。这些标准在大公司中以典型的阶段和步骤顺序建立起来: (1) 事件指示:合理性评估、准备、可能的临时措施、调查;(二)根据现有事实、数据分析和访谈对中期业绩进行法律评估;(3) 结果和报告:衡量、跟踪、跟进和确定经验教训。就上市公司而言,建立举报人组织被认为是良好公司治理的一部分,现在在法律上也可能成为他们已经要求的组织合规义务的一部分。2019 年 10 月 7 日的欧盟举报人指令仅涉及披露违反欧洲法律规定的行为,尚不确定成员国是否也会针对国家法律规定引入举报人制度。在外部监控的情况下,必须区分监管机构本身使用的监控器,通常通过行政行为,例如根据银行法,以及由公司自己安装的监控器,尽管通常在国际环境和外国监管机构的压力。美国、英国和瑞士在内部调查、举报和外部监督方面有广泛而详细的比较法律经验,这些经验也可能与其他国家的立法、判例法和学术相关。可以对所有三种信息和执法渠道进行实证研究,但似乎很少。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。英国和瑞士的内部调查、举报和外部监督,这在其他国家也可能与立法、判例法和学术相关。可以对所有三种信息和执法渠道进行实证研究,但似乎很少。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。英国和瑞士的内部调查、举报和外部监督,这在其他国家也可能与立法、判例法和学术相关。可以对所有三种信息和执法渠道进行实证研究,但似乎很少。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。这也可能与其他国家的立法、判例法和学术相关。可以对所有三种信息和执法渠道进行实证研究,但似乎很少。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。这也可能与其他国家的立法、判例法和学术相关。可以对所有三种信息和执法渠道进行实证研究,但似乎很少。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。相反,现在国内和国际公司法实践中有许多与外部监督特别相关的重要发现和经验,这在许多国家仍然鲜为人知。这些发现不仅提供了建议,而且在某些情况下已经代表了良好的公司治理标准。从长远来看,它们可以部分地构成公司董事会的法律义务。
更新日期:2022-03-18
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