Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly used in agriculture, health care textiles, effluent treatment, drug delivery, tissue engineering, civil concrete structure, etc. However, not many comprehensive reviews are available on this class of novel polymers. A review covering all the viable applications of SAP will be highly useful for researchers, industry persons, and medical, healthcare, and agricultural purposes. Hence, an attempt has been made to review SAPs with reference to their classifications, synthesis, modification by crosslinking, and physicochemical characterization such as morphology, swellability, thermal and mechanical properties, lifetime prediction, thermodynamics of swelling, absorption, release and transport kinetics, quantification of hydrophilic groups, etc. Besides, the possible methods of fine-tuning their structures for improving their absorption capacity, fast absorption kinetics, mechanical strength, controlled release features, etc. were also addressed to widen their uses. This review has also highlighted the biodegradability, commercial viability and market potential of SAPs, SAP composites, the feasibility of using biomass as raw materials for SAP production, etc. The challenges and future prospects of SAP, their safety, and environmental issues are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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高吸水性聚合物：对其分类、合成、物理化学性质和应用的最新综述

高吸水性聚合物 (SAP) 和改性天然聚合物水凝胶在农业、保健纺织品、污水处理、药物输送、组织工程、土木混凝土结构等领域得到广泛且越来越多的应用。然而，关于此类新颖的综合评价并不多。聚合物。涵盖 SAP 所有可行应用的评论对于研究人员、行业人员以及医疗、保健和农业目的非常有用。因此，尝试回顾 SAP 的分类、合成、交联改性和物理化学表征，如形态、溶胀性、热和机械性能、寿命预测、溶胀热力学、吸收、释放和传输动力学，亲水基团的定量等。此外，还讨论了微调其结构以提高其吸收能力、快速吸收动力学、机械强度、控释特征等的可能方法，以扩大其用途。这篇综述还强调了 SAP、SAP 复合材料的生物降解性、商业可行性和市场潜力、使用生物质作为 SAP 生产原料的可行性等。还讨论了 SAP 的挑战和未来前景、安全性和环境问题.