The review presents current research results for Carbopol-based microgels as yield-stress materials, covering three aspects: chemical, physical and rheological. Such a joint three-aspect study has no analog in the literature. The chemical aspects of Carbopol polymers are presented in terms of a cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid, their molecular structure, microgel formulation, polyacid dissociation and neutralization, osmotic pressure and associated immense microgel swelling. The physical characterization is focused on models of the shear-induced solid-to-liquid transition of microgels, which are formed of mesoscopic particles typical for soft matter materials. Models that describe interparticle effects are presented to explain the energy states of microgel particles at the mesoscale of scrutiny. Typical representatives of the models utilize attributes of jamming dispersions, micromechanical and polyelectrolyte reactions. Selected relationships that result from the models, such as scaling rules and nondimensional flow characteristics are also presented. The rheological part presents the discussion of problems of yield stress in 2D and 3D deformations, appearance and magnitude of the wall slip. The theory and characteristics of Carbopol microgel deformation in rotational rheometers are presented with graphs for the steady-state measurements, stress-controlled oscillation and two types of transient shear deformation. The review is concluded with suggestions for future research.

中文翻译：

---

卡波姆微凝胶作为模型屈服应力流体

该综述介绍了基于 Carbopol 的微凝胶作为屈服应力材料的当前研究成果，涵盖三个方面：化学、物理和流变学。这种联合的三方面研究在文献中没有类似的。Carbopol 聚合物的化学方面以丙烯酸的交联聚合、它们的分子结构、微凝胶配方、多元酸的解离和中和、渗透压和相关的巨大微凝胶溶胀来介绍。物理表征的重点是微凝胶的剪切诱导的固液转变模型，微凝胶由软物质材料典型的细观颗粒形成。提出了描述粒子间效应的模型来解释微凝胶粒子在细观尺度下的能量状态。模型的典型代表利用干扰分散体、微机械和聚电解质反应的属性。还介绍了模型产生的选定关系，例如缩放规则和无量纲流动特征。流变部分讨论了 2D 和 3D 变形中的屈服应力问题、壁滑移的外观和大小。旋转流变仪中 Carbopol 微凝胶变形的理论和特征通过稳态测量、应力控制振荡和两种瞬态剪切变形的图表进行了介绍。审查以对未来研究的建议结束。还提出了缩放规则和无量纲流动特性等。流变部分讨论了 2D 和 3D 变形中的屈服应力问题、壁滑移的外观和大小。旋转流变仪中 Carbopol 微凝胶变形的理论和特征通过稳态测量、应力控制振荡和两种瞬态剪切变形的图表进行了介绍。审查以对未来研究的建议结束。还提出了缩放规则和无量纲流动特性等。流变部分讨论了 2D 和 3D 变形中的屈服应力问题、壁滑移的外观和大小。旋转流变仪中 Carbopol 微凝胶变形的理论和特征通过稳态测量、应力控制振荡和两种瞬态剪切变形的图表进行了介绍。审查以对未来研究的建议结束。应力控制振荡和两种瞬态剪切变形。审查以对未来研究的建议结束。应力控制振荡和两种瞬态剪切变形。审查以对未来研究的建议结束。