Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.

中文翻译：

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反电渗析原理及发电与水处理一体化系统的开发综述

反向电渗析 (RED) 是一种不断发展的基于膜的工艺，可通过将水与不同盐度混合来收集能量。化学势差导致阳离子和阴离子沿相反方向运动，然后通过氧化还原反应在电极处转化为电流。尽管有几项工作表明了通过 RED 系统实现高功率密度的可能性，但向工业规模电池组的转变仍然是一个挑战，特别是在了解离子交换膜 (IEM) 与操作条件之间的相关性方面。这项工作提供了 RED 系统的概述，包括它对 RED 系统中使用的 IEM 的开发和修改。讨论了改性膜的影响，特别是对膜的心理化学性质的影响以及许多操作变量的影响。基于开环和闭环配置，总结了RED系统与反渗透、电渗析、膜蒸馏、热机、微生物燃料电池、液流电池等其他技术相结合的前景。本综述试图解释用于盐度梯度发电的 RED 技术的发展和前景，并进一步阐明集成 RED 系统作为一种有前途的方法来收集能源，同时减少液体废物处理对环境的影响。电渗析、膜蒸馏、热机、微生物燃料电池）和液流电池已基于开环和闭环配置进行了总结。本综述试图解释用于盐度梯度发电的 RED 技术的发展和前景，并进一步阐明集成 RED 系统作为一种有前途的方法来收集能源，同时减少液体废物处理对环境的影响。电渗析、膜蒸馏、热机、微生物燃料电池）和液流电池已基于开环和闭环配置进行了总结。本综述试图解释用于盐度梯度发电的 RED 技术的发展和前景，并进一步阐明集成 RED 系统作为一种有前途的方法来收集能源，同时减少液体废物处理对环境的影响。