In 2019, the whole world came together to confront a life-threatening virus named SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19 illness. The virus infected the human host by attaching to the ACE2 and CD147 receptors in some human cells, resulting in cytokine storm and death. The new variants of the virus that caused concern are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, according to the WHO label. However, Pango lineages designated them as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.429. Variants may be progressively formed in one chronic COVID-19 patient and transmitted to others. They show some differences in cellular and molecular mechanisms. Mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) lead to alterations in the host's physiological responses. They show significantly higher transmissibility rates and viral load while evading neutralizing antibodies at different rates. These effects are through mutations, deletion, and conformational alterations in the virus, resulting in the enhanced affinity of RBD to PD of ACE2 protein, virus entry, and spike conformational change. In the clinical laboratory, new variants may diagnose from other variants using specific primers for RBD or NTD. There are some controversial findings regarding the efficacy of the developed vaccines against the new variants. This research aimed to discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms beyond COVID-19 pathogenesis, focusing on the new variants. We glanced at why the mutations and the ability to transmit the virus increase and how likely the available vaccines will be effective against these variants.

中文翻译：

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我们能否成功抗击 SARS-CoV-2 及其不断出现的新变种？

2019 年，全世界齐心协力对抗一种名为 SARS-CoV-2 的威胁生命的病毒，该病毒会导致 COVID-19 疾病。该病毒通过附着在某些人类细胞中的 ACE2 和 CD147 受体上感染人类宿主，导致细胞因子风暴和死亡。根据 WHO 的标签，引起关注的病毒新变种是 Alpha、Beta、Gamma、Delta 和 Epsilon。然而，Pango 谱系将它们指定为 B.1.1.7、B.1.351、P.1、B.1.617.2 和 B.1.429。变异可能在一名慢性 COVID-19 患者身上逐渐形成并传播给其他人。它们在细胞和分子机制上表现出一些差异。受体结合域 (RBD) 和 N 末端域 (NTD) 的突变会导致宿主生理反应的改变。它们表现出明显更高的传播率和病毒载量，同时以不同的速度逃避中和抗体。这些影响是通过病毒的突变、缺失和构象改变，导致 RBD 对 ACE2 蛋白 PD 的亲和力增强、病毒进入和尖峰构象变化。在临床实验室中，新变体可以使用 RBD 或 NTD 的特定引物从其他变体中诊断出来。关于开发的疫苗针对新变体的功效，存在一些有争议的发现。这项研究旨在讨论 COVID-19 发病机制以外的细胞和分子机制，重点关注新变体。我们浏览了为什么突变和传播病毒的能力增加，以及可用疫苗对这些变体有效的可能性有多大。