In this article, we examine citizenship inequalities in paid reproductive labor. Through an analysis of elder care in Los Angeles, California, based on interviews with Filipina home care agency workers and owners, we delineate citizen divisions made up of two interlocking dimensions. The longstanding U.S. welfare state abdication of responsibility for elder care for its citizens generates a racialized, gendered citizenship division that facilitates another citizenship division between women of color. The outsourcing of elder care by the government to the private sector including small business in the ethnic economy allows Filipina immigrants with legal citizenship to become middle-women minorities who hire undocumented Filipinas to provide care for white, middle-class, older adult women and their families. Through this new social organization of reproductive labor, responsibility is directed away from the state and generating tensions between women of color with different legal statuses. Our findings show how racialized, gendered inequalities are reinforced through this new social organization of reproductive labor but also demonstrate potential for undermining intersecting inequalities.

在本文中，我们研究了有偿再生产劳动中的公民不平等。通过对加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的老年人护理的分析，基于对菲律宾家庭护理机构工作人员和业主的采访，我们描绘了由两个相互关联的维度组成的公民部门。美国福利国家长期以来对其公民的老年人护理责任的放弃产生了一种种族化、性别化的公民身份划分，从而促进了有色女性之间的另一种公民身份划分。政府将老年人护理外包给私营部门，包括少数民族经济中的小企业，这使得具有合法公民身份的菲律宾移民成为中产女性少数民族，她们雇用无证菲律宾人来照顾白人、中产阶级、老年妇女及其家庭。通过这种新的再生产劳动社会组织，责任被转移到国家之外，并在具有不同法律地位的有色人种妇女之间产生了紧张关系。我们的研究结果表明，通过这种新的再生产劳动社会组织，种族化、性别不平等是如何得到加强的，但也显示出破坏交叉不平等的潜力。