Sexual violence (SV) remains at epidemic proportions in the U.S. and growing evidence demonstrates that youth and adults engaged in sport are at increased risk of victimization and perpetration of SV. Unfortunately, sport SV prevention strategies are rarely built on theory or theoretically grounded evidence, despite demonstrated effectiveness of such approaches. This study aimed to answer to questions: 1) Which theories are relevant to the development of effective SV prevention strategies in sport?; and 2) How has theory been incorporated into existing SV prevention literature on sport safety? A scoping review of the literature plus expert input identified 29 theories pertinent to SV prevention in sport. A systemized review of the literature regarding SV prevention in sport resulted in the identification and characterization of 41 published articles. Authors then examined theory’s role in prevention literature. This study identified 29 theories pertinent to SV prevention in sports and applicable across the behavioral spectrum. Most theories were rooted in the Behavioral (41%), Situational (24%) or Social/Attitudinal (21%) areas. Less common were theories grounded in Feminist (14%) domains. Theories were predominantly focused at the individual (42%), organizational (29%), and interpersonal (18%) ecological levels. Of the 41 sport prevention articles, 33 (83%) referred to a theory either explicitly or implicitly. Though most theories have been incorporated into prevention efforts, closer examination indicates that the majority were descriptive, unlikely to use a sophisticated methodology (10%; e.g., experimental, quasi-experimental), and rarely intended to assess a specific prevention program/strategy or policy (21%). Strong theoretical foundations are available for SV prevention research focused on sports, and their application appears to show value across the developmental spectrum of athletes. There remains a need for greater focus on theory-driven research intended to develop prevention strategies and policies designed to enhance athlete safety.

中文翻译：

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理论在预防体育性暴力中的作用

性暴力 (SV) 在美国仍然很流行，越来越多的证据表明，从事体育运动的青少年和成年人遭受性暴力和实施性暴力的风险增加。不幸的是，尽管证明了这种方法的有效性，但运动 SV 预防策略很少建立在理论或理论基础的证据之上。本研究旨在回答以下问题：1）哪些理论与运动中有效的 SV 预防策略的发展相关？2) 理论是如何被纳入现有的体育安全预防 SV 文献中的？对文献和专家意见的范围审查确定了 29 种与体育运动中 SV 预防相关的理论。对体育运动中 SV 预防的文献进行系统回顾后，对 41 篇已发表文章进行了鉴定和表征。然后作者检查了理论在预防文献中的作用。本研究确定了 29 种与体育运动中 SV 预防相关的理论，适用于整个行为谱。大多数理论都植根于行为（41%）、情境（24%）或社会/态度（21%）领域。不太常见的是基于女权主义（14%）领域的理论。理论主要集中在个人 (42%)、组织 (29%) 和人际 (18%) 生态层面。在 41 篇运动预防文章中，33 篇 (83%) 明确或隐含地提到了一个理论。尽管大多数理论已被纳入预防工作，但仔细研究表明，大多数理论都是描述性的，不太可能使用复杂的方法（10%；例如，实验性、准实验性），并且很少打算评估特定的预防计划/战略或政策（21%）。以体育为重点的 SV 预防研究有坚实的理论基础，它们的应用似乎在运动员的发展范围内显示出价值。仍然需要更多地关注理论驱动的研究，以制定旨在提高运动员安全的预防策略和政策。他们的应用似乎在运动员的发展范围内显示出价值。仍然需要更多地关注理论驱动的研究，以制定旨在提高运动员安全的预防策略和政策。他们的应用似乎在运动员的发展范围内显示出价值。仍然需要更多地关注理论驱动的研究，以制定旨在提高运动员安全的预防策略和政策。