The use of chemicals, biologicals and veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) helps in healthy and sustainable fish production. Information on the use of these products is essential for assessing farming practices, potential human health and environmental risks. A questionnaire-based nationwide survey covering aquaculture farms (n = 2936) producing carps, tilapia, pangasius and rainbow trout in freshwater and shrimp in brackishwater estimated the use of 52 different types of inputs which included disinfectants (597 g t⁻¹), probiotics (2.28 kg t⁻¹), environmental modifiers (22.82 kg t⁻¹), nutritional supplements (1.96 kg t⁻¹), natural anti-infective agents (293 g t⁻¹), herbicide and piscicides (844 g t⁻¹), antibiotics (2 mg PCU⁻¹), antifungal (4 mg PCU⁻¹), and antiparasitic (14 mg PCU⁻¹) agents. The bulk of these inputs was used for soil and water quality improvement and had low environmental and human safety concerns. The multivariate analysis revealed significant variation in the frequency and quantity of compounds use among farm groups. Redundancy analysis revealed a significant association between the number of products used and stocking density. The survey also showed a considerable influence of education and farming experience on the usage pattern of aquaculture inputs. Results of the study indicated greater reliance of farmers on the use of disinfectants for biosecurity, nutritional supplements for enhanced growth and environmental modifiers for maintaining soil and water quality in culture systems. Though there was no use of restricted antibiotics and antiparasitic agents, the development and implementation of standard regulatory guidelines are essential for safe and effective use of inputs for sustainable aquaculture.

中文翻译：

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印度水产养殖中化学品、生物制品和兽药产品的使用模式

化学品、生物制品和兽药产品 (VMP) 的使用有助于健康和可持续的鱼类生产。这些产品的使用信息对于评估农业实践、潜在的人类健康和环境风险至关重要。 一项针对淡水养殖鲤鱼、罗非鱼、鲶鱼和虹鳟鱼以及咸水中虾的水产养殖场（ n = 2936）的基于问卷的全国性调查估计使用了 52 种不同类型的投入物，其中包括消毒剂（597 g t ^-1）、益生菌（ 2.28 kg t ^-1 )、环境改良剂 (22.82 kg t ^-1 )、营养补充剂 (1.96 kg t ^-1 )、天然抗感染剂 (293 g t ^{-1 )})、除草剂和杀鱼剂 (844 g t ^-1 )、抗生素 (2 mg PCU ^-1 )、抗真菌剂 (4 mg PCU ^-1 ) 和抗寄生虫剂 (14 mg PCU ^-1) 代理。这些投入的大部分用于改善土壤和水质，并且对环境和人类安全的担忧较低。多变量分析揭示了农场群体之间化合物使用频率和数量的显着差异。冗余分析显示使用的产品数量与放养密度之间存在显着关联。调查还显示，教育和养殖经验对水产养殖投入品的使用模式有相当大的影响。研究结果表明，农民更多地依赖使用消毒剂来确保生物安全，使用营养补充剂来促进生长，以及使用环境改良剂来维持养殖系统中的土壤和水质。虽然没有使用限制性抗生素和抗寄生虫药，