The combination of accumulation and erosion processes is the dominant geomorphic agent forming the surface of bare sand accumulations. These unique biotopes are gradually vanishing; thus, knowledge of their past dynamics is of crucial interest. This study focused on a selected locality with bare sand in the Borská Lowland (Slovakia). In total, nine buried individuals of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were used for the reconstruction of the accumulation rate of sand, and 13 exposed roots of the same tree species served as the data source for the erosion rate calculation. Detailed analysis of growth responses in trees and roots provided evidence about macroscopic and microscopic growth responses that are usable even in other studies and suggested P. sylvestris as a sensitive species for the reconstruction of accumulation and erosion processes. Reconstructed values of mean accumulation rate were higher than the mean erosion values. Finally, the obtained results were put into an anthropogenic context because the studied locality is surrounded by zones with seasonally inhabited holiday cottages. The effect of anthropogenic activities (particularly by stepping) can be associated with the wide spectrum of collected evidence: Bare sand areas were not located around other water reservoirs with the absence of recreational activities in the region. The erosion zone in the studied locality follows the zone with an increased number of forest pathways. It is possible that the increased nutrition content in transported sand due to gardening affected the occurrence of growth releases in the studied trees.

中文翻译：

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娱乐性创建的人行道作为保护裸沙堆积的特定生物群落的一种手段：树状地貌重建提供的证据

堆积和侵蚀过程的结合是形成裸砂堆积表面的主要地貌因素。这些独特的生物群落正在逐渐消失；因此，了解他们过去的动态是至关重要的。这项研究的重点是 Borská 低地（斯洛伐克）的一个选定的裸沙地区。共有9个樟子松（L.）埋藏个体用于重建沙子积累率，13个相同树种的暴露根作为侵蚀率计算的数据源。对树木和根系生长反应的详细分析提供了关于宏观和微观生长反应的证据，这些反应甚至在其他研究中也可用，并提出了P. sylvestris作为重建积累和侵蚀过程的敏感物种。平均累积率的重建值高于平均侵蚀值。最后，将所获得的结果置于人为背景中，因为所研究的地区被季节性居住的度假小屋所包围。人为活动（尤其是踩踏）的影响可能与收集到的广泛证据有关：裸沙区域没有位于其他水库周围，该地区没有娱乐活动。研究地区的侵蚀带跟随森林路径数量增加的区域。由于园艺而运输的沙子中增加的营养含量可能会影响所研究树木中生长释放的发生。