Halide perovskites are strategically important in the field of energy materials. Along with the rapid development of the materials and related devices, there is an urgent need to understand the structure–property relationship from nanoscale to atomic scale. Much effort has been made in the past few years to overcome the difficulty of imaging limited by electron dose, and to further extend the investigation towards operando conditions. This review is dedicated to recent studies of advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations for halide perovskites. The irradiation damage caused by the interaction of electron beams and perovskites under conventional imaging conditions are first summarized and discussed. Low-dose TEM is then discussed, including electron diffraction and emerging techniques for high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging. Atomic-resolution imaging, defects identification and chemical mapping on halide perovskites are reviewed. Cryo-TEM for halide perovskites is discussed, since it can readily suppress irradiation damage and has been rapidly developed in the past few years. Finally, the applications of in-situ TEM in the degradation study of perovskites under environmental conditions such as heating, biasing, light illumination and humidity are reviewed. More applications of emerging TEM characterizations are foreseen in the coming future, unveiling the structural origin of halide perovskite’s unique properties and degradation mechanism under operando conditions, so to assist the design of a more efficient and robust energy material.

中文翻译：

---

卤化物钙钛矿半导体高级透射电子显微镜表征的最新进展

卤化物钙钛矿在能源材料领域具有重要战略意义。随着材料和相关器件的快速发展，迫切需要了解从纳米尺度到原子尺度的结构-性质关系。在过去的几年里，人们已经做出了很多努力来克服受电子剂量限制的成像困难，并进一步扩展对操作条件的调查。这篇综述致力于最近对卤化物钙钛矿的高级透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 表征的研究。首先总结和讨论了常规成像条件下电子束与钙钛矿相互作用造成的辐照损伤。然后讨论低剂量 TEM，包括电子衍射和用于高分辨率 TEM (HRTEM) 成像的新兴技术。综述了卤化物钙钛矿的原子分辨率成像、缺陷识别和化学映射。讨论了卤化物钙钛矿的低温透射电镜，因为它可以很容易地抑制辐射损伤，并且在过去几年中得到了迅速发展。最后，应用就地综述了 TEM 在加热、偏压、光照和湿度等环境条件下钙钛矿的降解研究。预计未来会有更多新兴 TEM 表征的应用，揭示卤化物钙钛矿在操作条件下的独特性质和降解机制的结构起源，从而有助于设计更高效、更坚固的能源材料。