Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) are emerging mixed production systems where crops are cultivated below the photovoltaic (PV) panels. This study investigated the effects of different PV shading levels on kiwifruit growth, yield and water productivity (WP_c), with three densities of 19.0% (T1), 30.4% (T2) and 38.0% (T3) of translucent PV panels installed on the South-oriented AVS roof. The AVS perimeter was left open with the full sun treatment outside the AVS as the control treatment (CKL). Results showed that the solar radiation in T1, T2 and T3 was reduced by 43.8 ± 0.6%, 50.5 ± 0.6% and 55.0 ± 0.5%, respectively, compared with CKL, whereas the air temperature was uniform and the relative humidity increased with increased PV shading. The leaf area index and leaf light use efficiency improved, while the leaf transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency decreased with increased shading. The accumulated transpiration (T) was higher in CKL (419.9 ± 9.9 mm) than shading treatments (380.8 ± 26.7, 319.2 ± 15.1 and 308.8 ± 12.9 mm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively), and shading also reduced soil evaporation (E) (63.4 ± 1.0, 51.9 ± 3.1 and 47.4 ± 3.8 mm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, compared to 79.4 ± 1.1 mm in CKL) and thus decreased the total evapotranspiration (ET_{c act}=E + T) requirement. The kiwifruit volume and yield were slightly reduced (−7.3 to 5.5% and −6.5 to −2.6%) in T1 relative to CKL (101.4–106.8 cm³ and 17.6–18.9 t/ha), while the negative effects of shading on the volume and yield were significant (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3. The water productivity (WP_c) was improved in T1 (8.2 ± 5.7%) and T2 (5.8 ± 1.9%) relative to CKL, however, it was significantly reduced in T3 (−9.8 ± 1.4%). It was concluded that 19% (T1) PV coverage was a suitable shading treatment management in the AVS, as kiwifruit growth and yield were less affected, and WP_c was increased with reduced water consumption. The total potential profit can be largely promoted from electricity production, especially for dry rainfed and no electricity remote areas, where they can benefit from using produced electricity locally for irrigation.

农业光伏系统 (AVS) 是新兴的混合生产系统，在光伏 (PV) 面板下方种植农作物。本研究调查了不同光伏遮阳水平对猕猴桃生长、产量和水分生产率 (WP _c ) 的影响，其中安装了 19.0% (T1)、30.4% (T2) 和 38.0% (T3) 三种密度的半透明光伏面板。朝南的 AVS 屋顶。AVS 周边保持开放，在 AVS 外部进行充分的日光处理作为对照处理 (CKL)。结果表明，与CKL相比，T1、T2和T3的太阳辐射分别减少了43.8±0.6%、50.5±0.6%和55.0±0.5%，而气温均匀，相对湿度随着PV的增加而增加。阴影。叶面积指数和叶光利用效率提高，而叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率随着遮荫的增加而降低。CKL (419.9 ± 9.9 mm) 的累积蒸腾 (T) 高于遮荫处理 (T1、T2 和 T3 分别为 380.8 ± 26.7、319.2 ± 15.1 和 308.8 ± 12.9 mm)，遮荫还减少了土壤蒸发 (E )（T1、T2 和 T3 分别为 63.4 ± 1.0、51.9 ± 3.1 和 47.4 ± 3.8 mm，而 CKL 为 79.4 ± 1.1 mm），从而降低了总蒸散量（ET_{c act}=E + T）要求。^{相对于 CKL（101.4-106.8 cm 3}T1 的猕猴桃体积和产量略有减少（-7.3 至 5.5% 和 -6.5 至 -2.6%），而遮荫对猕猴桃的负面影响产量和产量显着（p  < 0.05) 在 T2 和 T3 中。与 CKL 相比，T1 (8.2 ± 5.7%) 和 T2 (5.8 ± 1.9%)的水生产率 (WP _c ) 有所提高，但在 T3 (-9.8 ± 1.4%) 显着降低。得出的结论是，19% (T1) PV 覆盖率是 AVS 中合适的遮荫处理管理，因为猕猴桃生长和产量受到的影响较小，并且 WP _c随着耗水量的减少而增加。电力生产可以在很大程度上促进总的潜在利润，特别是对于旱作雨养和无电偏远地区，他们可以从使用当地生产的电力进行灌溉中受益。