The gut microbiome plays critical roles in human health and disease. Recent studies suggest it may also be associated with chronic pain and postoperative pain outcomes. In animal models, the composition of the gut microbiome changes after general anesthesia and affects the host response to medications, including anesthetics and opioids. In humans, the gut microbiome is associated with the development of postoperative pain and neurocognitive disorders. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiome has been associated with pain conditions including visceral pain, nociplastic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and headaches, partly through altered concentration of circulating bacterial-derived metabolites. Furthermore, animal studies demonstrate the critical role of the gut microbiome in neuropathic pain via immunomodulatory mechanisms. This article reviews basic concepts of the human gut microbiome and its interactions with the host and provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence linking the gut microbiome to anesthesiology, critical care, and pain medicine.

中文翻译：

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麻醉学和疼痛医学中的肠道微生物组。

肠道微生物组在人类健康和疾病中发挥着关键作用。最近的研究表明，它也可能与慢性疼痛和术后疼痛结果有关。在动物模型中，全身麻醉后肠道微生物组的组成发生变化，并影响宿主对药物（包括麻醉剂和阿片类药物）的反应。在人类中，肠道微生物组与术后疼痛和神经认知障碍的发生有关。此外，肠道微生物组的组成与疼痛状况有关，包括内脏痛、伤害性疼痛、复杂区域疼痛综合征和头痛，部分原因是循环细菌衍生代谢物浓度的改变。此外，动物研究证明肠道微生物组通过免疫调节机制在神经性疼痛中发挥关键作用。