Community violence exposure is prevalent among urban and marginalized adolescents. Although there is strong evidence that community violence exposure is associated with negative consequences, prior studies and theories suggest that these associations may differ as a function of specific characteristics of exposure. This study identified patterns of community violence exposure that differed in form (witnessing vs. victimization), familiarity with the victim, and severity, and in their associations with adolescents' frequency of physical aggression and anxiety symptoms. Participants were 681 eighth-grade adolescents (58% female, 95% African American). Latent class analysis identified five subgroups who reported distinct patterns of violence exposure: limited exposure; witnessed less severe violence, not victimized; witnessed severe violence, not victimized; witnessed less severe violence, some victimization; and high violence exposure. The witnessed less severe, some victimization, and high violence exposure subgroups reported the highest frequency of physical aggression and levels of anxiety compared with all other subgroups. The limited exposure subgroup reported the lowest frequencies of physical aggression. The findings suggest that the form of exposure (witnessing or victimization) is an important distinction in examining associations with adolescent adjustment. Limited support was found for differences related to familiarity with the victim and severity of violence.

中文翻译：

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城市青少年社区暴力暴露模式及其与适应的关联

社区暴力暴露在城市和边缘化青少年中很普遍。尽管有强有力的证据表明社区暴力暴露与负面后果相关，但先前的研究和理论表明，这些关联可能因暴露的具体特征而异。这项研究确定了社区暴力暴露的模式，这些模式在形式（目击与受害）、对受害者的熟悉程度和严重程度以及与青少年身体攻击和焦虑症状的频率之间的关联方面存在差异。参与者为 681 名八年级青少年（58% 为女性，95% 为非裔美国人）。潜在类别分析确定了五个亚组，他们报告了不同的暴力暴露模式：有限的曝光；目睹了不太严重的暴力，没有受害；目睹了严重的暴力行为，但没有受害；目睹了不太严重的暴力，一些受害；和高暴力暴露。与所有其他亚群相比，目击不那么严重、一些受害和高暴力暴露亚群报告的身体攻击频率和焦虑水平最高。有限接触亚组报告的身体攻击频率最低。研究结果表明，暴露的形式（目击或受害）是检查与青少年适应的关联的重要区别。对于与受害者的熟悉程度和暴力严重程度相关的差异，发现支持有限。