Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) female inflorescences have long been considered as waste material in the hemp production chain. However, past studies focused on the valorization of female inflorescences as high-quality byproducts with promising health-promoting applications. In line with this evidence, the present research investigated the phytochemical and pharmacological properties with a comparative approach on two essential oils (EOs) obtained from the inflorescences of the industrial hemp varieties Kompolti and Tisza. The EOs composition in terpenes and terpenophenols was determined. The effects of the EOs in modulating the viability of different cancer cell lines was investigated. Whereas, in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells, the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin was measured, as an index of neuromodulatory activity. Moreover, the EO mycostatic properties were explored towards different dermatophyte species. The prominent terpenes were iso-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene oxide in both Kompolti and Tisza EOs, whereas cannabidiol and cannabigerolic acid were the main terpenophenols, respectively. Both essential oils inhibited the viability of different cancer cells; particularly, the essential oil of Tisza variety displayed a marked cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma cells. A possible role of both terpenophenols and caryophyllane sesquiterpenes as bioactive anticancer compounds has been hypothesized. While cannabidiol could contribute to the stimulation of hypothalamic serotonin release by Kompolti EO. The essential oils also produced antimycotic effects, for which β-caryophyllene oxide could be partly responsible. Overall, the present findings highlight pharmacological properties of Kompolti and Tisza EOs, which deserve further investigations and strengthen the interest in industrial hemp inflorescences as valuable source of bioactive extracts and compounds.

工业大麻（Cannabis sativa L.）雌花序长期以来一直被认为是大麻生产链中的废料。然而，过去的研究集中在将雌性花序作为具有前景的健康促进应用的高质量副产品的价值上。根据这一证据，本研究通过比较方法对从工业大麻品种 Kompolti 和 Tisza 的花序中获得的两种精油 (EO)进行了植物化学和药理特性研究。测定了萜烯和萜酚中的 EO 组成。研究了 EO 在调节不同癌细胞系活力中的作用。而在下丘脑 HypoE22 细胞中，多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素的释放，并测量血清素，作为神经调节活性的指标。此外，针对不同的皮肤癣菌物种探索了 EO 霉菌抑制特性。在 Kompolti 和 Tisza EO 中，主要的萜烯是异石竹烯、α-葎草烯和 β-石竹烯氧化物，而大麻二酚和大麻二酚酸分别是主要的萜酚。两种精油都能抑制不同癌细胞的活力；特别是，Tisza 品种的精油在胆管癌细胞中表现出显着的细胞毒性。已经假设萜酚和石竹烷倍半萜作为生物活性抗癌化合物的可能作用。而大麻二酚可能有助于刺激 Kompolti EO 释放下丘脑血清素。精油还产生抗真菌作用，其中 β-石竹烯氧化物可能是部分原因。总体而言，目前的研究结果突出了 Kompolti 和 Tisza EO 的药理学特性，值得进一步研究并加强对工业大麻花序作为生物活性提取物和化合物的宝贵来源的兴趣。