Nerves and immunologic mediators play pivotal roles in body homeostasis by interacting with each other through diverse mechanisms. The spread of nerves in the tumor microenvironment increases tumor cell proliferation and disease progression, and this correlates with poor patient outcomes. The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on cancer regulation are being investigated. Recent findings demonstrate the possibility of developing therapeutic strategies that target the tumor microenvironment and its components such as immune cells, neurotransmitters, and extracellular vesicles. Therefore, examining and understanding the mechanisms and pathways associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, neurotransmitters, cancer-derived mediators and their interactions with the immune system in the tumor microenvironment may lead to the development of new cancer treatments. This review discusses the effects of nerve cells, immune cells, and cancer cells have on each other that regulate neurogenesis, cancer progression, and dissemination.

神经和免疫介质通过多种机制相互作用，在体内平衡中发挥关键作用。神经在肿瘤微环境中的扩散会增加肿瘤细胞增殖和疾病进展，这与患者预后不良相关。正在研究交感神经和副交感神经对癌症调节的影响。最近的研究结果证明了开发针对肿瘤微环境及其成分（如免疫细胞、神经递质和细胞外囊泡）的治疗策略的可能性。因此，检查和了解与交感神经和副交感神经系统、神经递质相关的机制和途径，癌症衍生介质及其与肿瘤微环境中免疫系统的相互作用可能会导致新的癌症治疗方法的发展。这篇综述讨论了神经细胞、免疫细胞和癌细胞在调节神经发生、癌症进展和扩散方面的相互影响。