The translational challenges in the field of precision oncology are in part related to the biological complexity and diversity of this disease. Technological advances in genomics have facilitated large sequencing efforts and discoveries that have further supported this notion. In this review, we reflect on the impact of these discoveries on our understanding of several concepts: cancer initiation, cancer prevention, early detection, adjuvant therapy and minimal residual disease monitoring, cancer drug resistance, and cancer evolution in metastasis. We discuss key areas of focus for improving cancer outcomes, from biological insights to clinical application, and suggest where the development of these technologies will lead us. Finally, we discuss practical challenges to the wider adoption of molecular profiling in the clinic and the need for robust translational infrastructure.

精准肿瘤学领域的转化挑战部分与该疾病的生物学复杂性和多样性有关。基因组学的技术进步促进了大规模测序工作和发现，进一步支持了这一观点。在这篇综述中，我们反思了这些发现对我们理解几个概念的影响：癌症发生、癌症预防、早期检测、辅助治疗和微小残留病监测、癌症耐药性和转移中的癌症演变。我们讨论了改善癌症结果的关键领域，从生物学见解到临床应用，并提出这些技术的发展将引领我们走向何方。最后，我们讨论了在临床中更广泛采用分子分析所面临的实际挑战以及强大的转化基础设施的需求。