Structural equation modelling (SEM) with longitudinal survey data was used to test a proposed developmental model of the association of family income (with children aged 6–9) to parent behaviours (for children at 10 years of age) and adolescent cognitive achievement and behaviour problems (at age 15). Data from the Child Development Supplement and Panel Study of Income Dynamics provided a representative US sample (n = 953). The SEM measurement model of parent behaviours showed two robust latent variables representing parent distress (based on two measures) and parent support (composed of four measures of parent investment, cognitive stimulation, emotional warmth, and educational expectations for the child). The SEM structural model indicated that the relation between average family income between 1998 and 2001 for young children (ages 6–9) and adolescent cognitive achievement and behaviour problems in 2007 (age 15) was almost entirely mediated by parent distress, parent support, and material hardship, all measured in 2002. Results suggested that the structural model was strongest (RMSEA = 0.08) when all three mediating variables were included. These results provide a clearer picture of the developmental mechanisms by which family income becomes associated with adolescent cognitive achievement and behaviour problems over time.

中文翻译：

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家庭收入与青少年行为问题和认知成就关系的中介因素：物质困难、父母痛苦和父母支持

使用纵向调查数据的结构方程模型 (SEM) 来测试提出的家庭收入（6-9 岁儿童）与父母行为（10 岁儿童）以及青少年认知成就和行为之间关系的发展模型问题（15 岁时）。来自儿童发展补充资料和收入动态小组研究的数据提供了具有代表性的美国样本（n  = 953）。父母行为的 SEM 测量模型显示了两个强大的潜在变量，分别代表父母的痛苦（基于两种测量）和父母的支持（由父母投资、认知刺激、情感温暖和对孩子的教育期望的四种测量组成）。SEM 结构模型表明，1998 年至 2001 年幼儿（6-9 岁）平均家庭收入与 2007 年（15 岁）青少年认知成就和行为问题之间的关系几乎完全由父母的痛苦、父母的支持和物质困难，全部在 2002 年测量。结果表明，当包括所有三个中介变量时，结构模型最强（RMSEA = 0.08）。这些结果更清楚地揭示了家庭收入随着时间的推移与青少年认知成就和行为问题相关的发展机制。