Gestational diabetes (GDM) is one of the most common complications occurring during pregnancy. Diagnosis is performed by oral glucose tolerance test, but harmonized testing methods and thresholds are still lacking worldwide. Short-term and long-term effects include obesity, type 2 diabetes, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The identification and validation of sensitidve, selective, and robust biomarkers for early diagnosis during the first trimester of pregnancy are required, as well as for the prediction of possible adverse outcomes after birth. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based omics technologies are nowadays the method of choice to characterize various pathologies at a molecular level. Proteomics and metabolomics of GDM were widely investigated in the last 10 years, and various proteins and metabolites were proposed as possible biomarkers. Metallomics of GDM was also reported, but studies are limited in number. The present review focuses on the description of the different analytical methods and MS-based instrumental platforms applied to GDM-related omics studies. Preparation procedures for various biological specimens are described and results are briefly summarized. Generally, only preliminary findings are reported by current studies and further efforts are required to determine definitive GDM biomarkers.

中文翻译：

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基于质谱的“组学”技术用于研究妊娠糖尿病和发现新的生物标志物

妊娠糖尿病 (GDM) 是妊娠期最常见的并发症之一。诊断通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验进行，但世界范围内仍缺乏统一的检测方法和阈值。短期和长期影响包括肥胖、2 型糖尿病和心血管疾病风险增加。需要鉴定和验证用于妊娠早期诊断的敏感、选择性和稳健的生物标志物，以及用于预测出生后可能的不良结果。基于质谱 (MS) 的组学技术是当今在分子水平上表征各种病理学的首选方法。GDM 的蛋白质组学和代谢组学在过去 10 年中得到广泛研究，各种蛋白质和代谢物被提议作为可能的生物标志物。GDM 的金属组学也有报道，但研究数量有限。本综述侧重于描述应用于 GDM 相关组学研究的不同分析方法和基于 MS 的仪器平台。描述了各种生物标本的制备程序，并简要总结了结果。一般来说，目前的研究只报告了初步结果，需要进一步努力来确定明确的 GDM 生物标志物。描述了各种生物标本的制备程序，并简要总结了结果。一般来说，目前的研究只报告了初步结果，需要进一步努力来确定明确的 GDM 生物标志物。描述了各种生物标本的制备程序，并简要总结了结果。一般来说，目前的研究只报告了初步结果，需要进一步努力来确定明确的 GDM 生物标志物。