ABSTRACT

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic may trigger posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) due to its threat to health, well-being, and survival.

Objectives

We sought to assess levels of change in PTSS at three waves during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our second objective was to examine the role of four objective and subjective predictors salient to COVID-19-loss of resources, sense of loneliness, perceived COVID-19 threat, and uncertainty stress-on the trajectory of PTSS.

Methods

The study consisted of three waves, a month apart, between June and August 2020, with 903, 718, and 684 participants in each wave, respectively.

Results

At T0, participants had a medium level of PTSS (M = 2.07, SD = 0.89), which increased at T1 (M = 2.46, SD = 0.97) and decreased at T2 (M = 2.24, SD = 0.93). Linear mixed-effects modeling showed that loss of resources, sense of loneliness, perceived COVID-19 threat, and uncertainty stress were significant predictors of PTSS over the three time-points. Significant interactions between these predictors (except sense of loneliness) and time were found: At higher levels of resource loss, uncertainty stress, and COVID-19 threat, there was a steeper increase in PTSS from baseline to 1 month.

Conclusions

The four predictors of PTSS should be addressed via strengthening resilience of individuals and communities.

中文翻译：

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创伤后压力和 COVID-19 相关压力源：一项前瞻性观察研究

摘要

背景

由于对健康、福祉和生存的威胁，COVID-19 大流行可能引发创伤后应激症状 (PTSS)。

目标

我们试图评估 COVID-19 大流行期间三波 PTSS 的变化水平。我们的第二个目标是检查四个客观和主观预测因素对 COVID-19 的作用——资源损失、孤独感、感知到的 COVID-19 威胁和不确定性压力——对 PTSS 的轨迹。

方法

该研究在 2020 年 6 月至 2020 年 8 月期间由间隔一个月的三波组成，每波分别有 903、718 和 684 名参与者。

结果

在 T0 时，参与者的 PTSS 处于中等水平（M  = 2.07，SD  = 0.89），在 T1 时增加（M  = 2.46，SD  = 0.97），在 T2 时降低（M  = 2.24，SD  = 0.93）。线性混合效应模型表明，资源损失、孤独感、感知到的 COVID-19 威胁和不确定性压力是三个时间点上 PTSS 的重要预测因素。发现这些预测因素（孤独感除外）与时间之间存在显着的相互作用：在资源损失、不确定性压力和 COVID-19 威胁水平较高的情况下，PTSS 从基线到 1 个月的增加幅度更大。

结论

应该通过加强个人和社区的复原力来解决 PTSS 的四个预测因素。