Nanomaterials are now widely used in various industries such as automotive, biomedical, cosmetics, defense, energy, and electronics, due to their unique properties. However, this ubiquitous presence of nanomaterials in the environment is inducing possible major issues of toxicity for humans. Indeed, nanomaterials can elicit toxicity in human cells. Here, we review nanomaterial exposure to humans, with focus on impact on human cells and animal models. We discuss mainly nanomaterials made of silver, gold, silica, quantum dots, iron oxides, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide. There is evidence that nanomaterials accumulate in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain by including ingestion, dermal penetration, inhalation, and intravenous.

纳米材料由于其独特的特性，现已广泛应用于汽车、生物医学、化妆品、国防、能源和电子等各个行业。然而，纳米材料在环境中的普遍存在正在引发可能对人类产生重大毒性的问题。事实上，纳米材料可以在人体细胞中引起毒性。在这里，我们回顾了纳米材料对人类的暴露，重点是对人体细胞和动物模型的影响。我们主要讨论由银、金、二氧化硅、量子点、氧化铁、氧化锌和二氧化钛制成的纳米材料。有证据表明，纳米材料通过摄入、皮肤渗透、吸入和静脉注射等方式在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和大脑中积累。