Newly identified axon types of the facial nerve unveil supplemental neural pathways in the innervation of the face,Journal of Advanced Research

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Newly identified axon types of the facial nerve unveil supplemental neural pathways in the innervation of the face
Journal of Advanced Research ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-22 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.009
Vlad Tereshenko ₁ , Udo Maierhofer ₁ , Dominik C Dotzauer ₁ , Gregor Laengle ₁ , Martin Schmoll ₂ , Christopher Festin ₁ , Matthias Luft ₁ , Genova Carrero Rojas ₃ , Olga Politikou ₁ , Laura A Hruby ₄ , Holger J Klein ₅ , Steffen U Eisenhardt ₆ , Dario Farina ₇ , Roland Blumer ₃ , Konstantin D Bergmeister ₈ , Oskar C Aszmann ₉

Affiliation

Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Street 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Clinic of Hand, Reconstructive, and Plastic Surgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland.
Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Street 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria.
Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

Introduction

Neuromuscular control of the facial expressions is provided exclusively via the facial nerve. Facial muscles are amongst the most finely tuned effectors in the human motor system, which coordinate facial expressions. In lower vertebrates, the extracranial facial nerve is a mixed nerve, while in mammals it is believed to be a pure motor nerve. However, this established notion does not agree with several clinical signs in health and disease.

Objectives

To elucidate the facial nerve contribution to the facial muscles by investigating axonal composition of the human facial nerve. To reveal new innervation pathways of other axon types of the motor facial nerve.

Methods

Different axon types were distinguished using specific molecular markers (NF, ChAT, CGRP and TH). To elucidate the functional role of axon types of the facial nerve, we used selective elimination of other neuronal support from the trigeminal nerve. We used retrograde neuronal tracing, three-dimensional imaging of the facial muscles, and high-fidelity neurophysiological tests in animal model.

Results

The human facial nerve revealed a mixed population of only 85% motor axons. Rodent samples revealed a fiber composition of motor, afferents and, surprisingly, sympathetic axons. We confirmed the axon types by tracing the originating neurons in the CNS. The sympathetic fibers of the facial nerve terminated in facial muscles suggesting autonomic innervation. The afferent fibers originated in the facial skin, confirming the afferent signal conduction via the facial nerve.

Conclusion

These findings reveal new innervation pathways via the facial nerve, support the sympathetic etiology of hemifacial spasm and elucidate clinical phenomena in facial nerve regeneration.

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