Western culture idealizes an autonomous self-a self that strives for independence and freedom from the influence and control of others. We explored how the value placed on autonomy in Western culture intersects with the normative trait expectations experienced by men and women. While trait expectations placed on men (i.e., to be confident and assertive) affirm an autonomous sense of self, trait expectations placed on women (i.e., to be caring and understanding) conflict with an autonomous sense of self. We theorized that this conflict contributes to women's resentment toward positive gender stereotypes that emphasize women's interdependent qualities. Six preregistered studies (N = 2,094) demonstrated that U.S. women experienced more anger in response to positive-gendered trait expectations and less motivation to comply with them compared to U.S. men. We found that these effects were partially attributable to stereotypically feminine communal expectations affirming autonomy less than stereotypically masculine agentic expectations. Cross-cultural comparisons between the U.S. (a Western context) and India (a non-Western context) further indicated that the conflict between communal expectations placed on women and Western prioritization of autonomy contributes to U.S. women's anger toward positive gender stereotypes: Although traits expected of women in both the U.S. and India oriented women away from feeling autonomous more than traits expected of men, this diminished sense of being autonomous only elicited anger in a U.S. context. For Western societies, findings illuminate the uniquely frustrating nature of stereotyped expectations that demand interdependence and thus the unequal psychological burden placed on those who must contend with them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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共同期望与自主动机相冲突：西方对自主的驱动塑造了女性对积极的性别刻板印象的消极反应。

西方文化理想化了一个自主的自我，一个努力争取独立和不受他人影响和控制的自由的自我。我们探讨了西方文化中对自主性的重视如何与男性和女性所经历的规范性特质期望相交。虽然对男性的特质期望（即自信和自信）肯定了自主的自我意识，但对女性的特质期望（即关心和理解）与自主的自我意识相冲突。我们推测，这种冲突导致了女性对强调女性相互依存品质的积极性别刻板印象的不满。六项预注册研究 (N = 2,094) 表明美国 与美国男性相比，女性对积极的性别特质期望的反应更加愤怒，并且遵守这些期望的动机更少。我们发现，这些影响部分归因于刻板印象中的女性共同期望确认自主权低于刻板印象中的男性代理期望。美国（西方背景）和印度（非西方背景）之间的跨文化比较进一步表明，对女性的共同期望与西方对自主性的优先考虑之间的冲突导致美国女性对积极的性别刻板印象感到愤怒：尽管预期的特征美国和印度的女性都认为女性远离自主感而不是男性预期的特征，这种减弱的自主感只会在美国引发愤怒。对于西方社会，调查结果阐明了要求相互依存的陈规定型期望的独特令人沮丧的性质，因此必须与之抗衡的人承受着不平等的心理负担。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。