The entry of gig-platforms to labor markets world-wide has caused significant frictions with national institutions and regulators, including trade unions. In this article, we compare the interactions between taxi and food delivery platforms with the industrial relations (IR) systems of Denmark and Sweden, where we observe isolated instances of unions striking collective agreements with platforms. We assess and compare platform strategies and interactions with IR system agents, using an RIT-framework (rulemaker-intermediary-ruletaker) which considers how rulemaking capacity is allocated within the Nordic IR systems. We detect both IR system evasion and integration in Denmark and Sweden, with significant variation in causes and mechanisms. We find that IR system integration can be explained by public backlash, pressure from IR system insiders, and gaining first-mover advantages. Our findings shed light on integrative mechanisms of the Nordic IR systems allowing us to identify and discuss future challenges posed by the platform economy.

中文翻译：

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平台经济会出现北欧模式吗？丹麦和瑞典的规避和综合平台战略

零工平台进入全球劳动力市场引发了与包括工会在内的国家机构和监管机构的重大摩擦。在本文中，我们将出租车和食品配送平台与丹麦和瑞典的劳资关系 (IR) 系统之间的互动进行了比较，我们观察到工会与平台达成集体协议的孤立实例。我们使用 RIT 框架（规则制定者-中介-规则制定者）评估和比较平台策略以及与 IR 系统代理的交互，该框架考虑如何在北欧 IR 系统内分配规则制定能力。我们在丹麦和瑞典检测到 IR 系统规避和集成，其原因和机制存在显着差异。我们发现，投资者关系系统整合可以通过公众的强烈反对、投资者关系系统内部人士的压力、并获得先发优势。我们的研究结果揭示了北欧信息检索系统的整合机制，使我们能够识别和讨论平台经济带来的未来挑战。