That one person's modus ponens is another's modus tollens is the bane of philosophy because it strips many philosophical arguments of their persuasive force. The problem is that philosophical arguments become mere pantomemes: arguments that are reasonable to resist simply by denying the conclusion. Appeals to proof, intuition, evidence, and truth fail to alleviate the problem. Two broad strategies, however, do help in certain circumstances: an appeal to normal informal standards of what is reasonable (nisowir) and argument by interpretation. The method of explication features prominently in both strategies, and the paper extends this method to apply to nisowir, introducing the concept of canonical explication. The paper illustrates the two strategies with examples of arguments from formal epistemology and suggests that an appeal to nisowir might help to defend against philosophical scepticism by shifting the burden of proof to the sceptic.

中文翻译：

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一个哲学家的作案方式是另一个哲学家的作案方式：Pantomemes 和 nisowir

一个人的作案方式就是另一个人的作案方式是哲学的祸根，因为它剥夺了许多哲学论证的说服力。问题是哲学论证变成了纯粹的哑剧：仅仅通过否认结论就可以合理地抵制的论证。诉诸证据、直觉、证据和真相并不能缓解问题。然而，在某些情况下，两种广泛的策略确实有所帮助：诉诸关于什么是合理的正常非正式标准（nisowir）和通过解释进行论证。解释方法在这两种策略中都有突出的特点，本文将这种方法扩展到了nisowir，引入了规范解释的概念. 该论文通过形式认识论的论证示例说明了这两种策略，并建议通过将举证责任转移给怀疑论者，诉诸 nisowir 可能有助于抵御哲学怀疑论。