H₂S belongs to the class of molecules known as gasotransmitters, which also includes nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Three enzymes are recognized as endogenous sources of H₂S in various cells and tissues: cystathionine g-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The current article reviews the regulation of these enzymes as well as the pathways of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation and elimination. The multiple interactions of H₂S with other labile endogenous molecules (e.g. NO) and reactive oxygen species are also outlined. The various biological targets and signaling pathways are discussed, with special reference to H₂S and oxidative posttranscriptional modification of proteins, the effect of H₂S on channels and intracellular second messenger pathways, the regulation of gene transcription and translation and the regulation of cellular bioenergetics and metabolism. The pharmacological and molecular tools currently available to study H₂S physiology are also reviewed, including their utility and limitations. In subsequent sections, the role of H₂S in the regulation of various physiological and cellular functions is reviewed. The physiological role of H₂S in various cell types and organ systems are overviewed. Finally, the role of H₂S in the regulation of various organ functions is discussed as well as the characteristic bell-shaped biphasic effects of H₂S. In addition, key pathophysiological aspects, debated areas, and future research and translational areas are identified A wide array of significant roles of H₂S in the physiological regulation of all organ functions emerges from this review.

中文翻译：

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硫化氢在哺乳动物细胞、组织和器官中的生理作用

H ₂ S 属于称为气体递质的分子类别，其中还包括一氧化氮 (NO) 和一氧化碳 (CO)。三种酶被认为是各种细胞和组织中 H ₂ S 的内源性来源：胱硫醚 g-裂解酶 (CSE)、胱硫醚 β-合酶 (CBS) 和 3-巯基丙酮酸硫转移酶 (3-MST)。目前的文章回顾了这些酶的调节以及它们的酶促和非酶促降解和消除途径。_{还概述了 H 2} S 与其他不稳定的内源分子（例如 NO）和活性氧的多重相互作用。讨论了各种生物靶点和信号通路，特别提到了 H ₂S和蛋白质的氧化转录后修饰，H ₂ S对通道和细胞内第二信使途径的影响，基因转录和翻译的调节以及细胞生物能量学和代谢的调节。还回顾了目前可用于研究 H _{2 S 生理学的药理学和分子工具，包括它们的实用性和局限性。}在随后的章节中，将回顾 H ₂ S 在调节各种生理和细胞功能中的作用。_{概述了 H 2} S 在各种细胞类型和器官系统中的生理作用。最后，H _2的作用讨论了 S 在各种器官功能的调节中的作用以及 H ₂ S 特有的钟形双相效应。此外，还确定了关键的病理生理学方面、争论的领域以及未来的研究和转化领域。 H ₂ S 在所有器官功能的生理调节中都出现在这篇综述中。