To balance trade-offs between livestock’s negative environmental impacts and their positive contributions (e.g. maintaining semi-natural grasslands, varied agricultural landscapes and crop rotations), a better understanding is needed of how the supply of ecosystem services differs across farms. We analysed a suite of indicators for non-provisioning ecosystem services on a large subset of Swedish farms (71% of farms, covering 82% of agricultural land) and related these to farm type, farm size and livestock density. The analysed indicators exhibited clear geographical patterns with hotspots especially in less productive regions. Controlling for this spatial variation we still found that small-scale and ruminant farms were associated with more varied landscapes, small-scale habitats, semi-natural grasslands and better crop sequences compared to nearby farms specialised in crop production, while farms specialising in monogastric livestock were associated with less varied landscapes and inferior crop sequences. Results for cultural ecosystem services indicated that farms with more semi-natural grassland were associated with more visitors and more likely located within designated recreation or nature conservation areas.

为了平衡牲畜对环境的负面影响及其积极贡献（例如维持半天然草原、多样化的农业景观和作物轮作）之间的权衡，需要更好地了解不同农场的生态系统服务供应的差异。我们分析了瑞典大部分农场（71% 的农场，覆盖 82% 的农业用地）的一套非供应生态系统服务指标，并将这些指标与农场类型、农场规模和牲畜密度相关联。分析的指标显示出清晰的地理格局，特别是在生产力较低的地区。控制这种空间变化，我们仍然发现小规模和反刍动物农场与更多样化的景观、小规模栖息地、与附近专门从事作物生产的农场相比，半天然草地和更好的作物序列，而专门从事单胃牲畜的农场与较少变化的景观和较差的作物序列有关。文化生态系统服务的结果表明，拥有更多半天然草地的农场与更多游客相关，并且更有可能位于指定的休闲或自然保护区内。