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Trajectories of Change in Parental Self-Esteem and Emotion Regulation from Pregnancy until 4 Years Postpartum
Journal of Child and Family Studies ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-18 , DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02306-0
Jolien F. Grolleman 1 , Carolien Gravesteijn 1 , Peter J. Hoffenaar 2
Affiliation  

We know a great deal about the immediate impact of becoming a parent, but less on the more long-term impact as parents are adapting to the rapid developmental changes that characterize the early childhood period. This longitudinal study explored how parental self-esteem and emotion regulation develops during pregnancy, infancy, toddlerhood and preschool-age. We used nine waves of data from 550 Dutch fathers and mothers to examine stability and change in self-esteem and emotion regulation from pregnancy until 4 years postpartum, for both first and later pregnancies. Self-esteem and emotion regulation showed the same trajectory of change, with decreases during pregnancy and infancy, and increases during toddlerhood and preschool-age. Fathers had higher mean-levels of self-esteem and emotion regulation than mothers, but child age-related changes were the same for fathers and mothers. First-time parents and second-, third-, or fourth-time parents did not differ in mean-level self-esteem and emotion regulation, nor in age-related change. Over the course of 4 years postpartum, parents slightly increased in self-esteem and emotion regulation. The results suggest that, for the average parent, the birth of a child causes a temporary deviation from the overall trend toward greater self-esteem and emotion regulation. Since both traits are predictive for parental well-being, positive parenting and child development, future research needs to investigate if an intervention should and could ease the transition to parenthood and thereby prevent this decline.



中文翻译:

从怀孕到产后 4 年父母自尊和情绪调节的变化轨迹

我们对成为父母的直接影响了解很多,但对更长期的影响知之甚少,因为父母正在适应儿童早期阶段的快速发展变化。这项纵向研究探讨了父母自尊和情绪调节如何在怀孕、婴儿期、幼儿期和学龄前发展。我们使用来自 550 位荷兰父母的九波数据来检查从怀孕到产后 4 年的自尊和情绪调节的稳定性和变化,包括第一次和以后的怀孕。自尊和情绪调节表现出相同的变化轨迹,在怀孕和婴儿期减少,在幼儿期和学龄前增加。父亲的自尊和情绪调节平均水平高于母亲,但对于父亲和母亲来说,与孩子年龄相关的变化是相同的。第一次做父母和第二次,第三次或第四次父母在平均水平的自尊和情绪调节方面没有差异,也没有与年龄相关的变化。在产后 4 年的过程中,父母的自尊心和情绪调节能力略有提高。结果表明,对于普通父母来说,孩子的出生会暂时偏离自尊和情绪调节的总体趋势。由于这两种特征都可以预测父母的幸福感、积极的养育方式和儿童发展,因此未来的研究需要调查干预措施是否应该并且可以缓解向父母身份的过渡,从而防止这种下降。或第四次父母在平均水平的自尊和情绪调节方面没有差异,也没有与年龄相关的变化。在产后 4 年的过程中,父母的自尊心和情绪调节能力略有提高。结果表明,对于普通父母来说,孩子的出生会暂时偏离自尊和情绪调节的总体趋势。由于这两种特征都可以预测父母的幸福感、积极的养育方式和儿童发展,因此未来的研究需要调查干预措施是否应该并且可以缓解向父母身份的过渡,从而防止这种下降。或第四次父母在平均水平的自尊和情绪调节方面没有差异,也没有与年龄相关的变化。在产后 4 年的过程中,父母的自尊心和情绪调节能力略有提高。结果表明,对于普通父母来说,孩子的出生会暂时偏离自尊和情绪调节的总体趋势。由于这两种特征都可以预测父母的幸福感、积极的养育方式和儿童发展,因此未来的研究需要调查干预措施是否应该并且可以缓解向父母身份的过渡,从而防止这种下降。对于普通父母来说,孩子的出生会暂时偏离自尊和情绪调节的总体趋势。由于这两种特征都可以预测父母的幸福感、积极的养育方式和儿童发展,因此未来的研究需要调查干预措施是否应该并且可以缓解向父母身份的过渡,从而防止这种下降。对于普通父母来说,孩子的出生会暂时偏离自尊和情绪调节的总体趋势。由于这两种特征都可以预测父母的幸福感、积极的养育方式和儿童发展,因此未来的研究需要调查干预措施是否应该并且可以缓解向父母身份的过渡,从而防止这种下降。

更新日期:2022-04-19
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