Sustainable agriculture should aim to increase biomass yield and yield stability, while protecting soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content. However, few studies have concurrently explored changes in biomass yield, yield stability and soil C and N content under different cropping systems targeting biorefinery. In this study, 10 different cropping systems were simultaneously investigated from 2012 to 2017 in central Denmark on a loamy sand soil, including (1) two continuous monocultures of annual crops, (2) one optimized crop rotation, (3) five intensively fertilized perennial grasses, and (4) two grass-legume mixtures without nitrogen (N) fertilization. Our results showed that biomass yield and yield stability differed highly across the cropping systems, highlighting crop-specific characteristics. Of the 10 cropping systems, tall fescue significantly increased soil C and N content at 0–20 cm depth, while sustaining high biomass yield and yield stability. There was no clear relationship between biomass yield, yield stability and changes in soil C and N content, challenging some recent findings on the conflicts between increasing biomass yield and protecting soil C and N content. Indeed, the lack of relationships suggest that there is considerable potential to increase biomass yield and yield stability without compromising soil C and N content through selecting proper cropping systems and managements. Altogether, our results underscore how crop-specific documentation of biomass yield, yield stability and changes in soil C and N content on the same experimental platform can advance the understanding of sustainable agriculture for biorefineries, although long-term continuous observations are still required to better clarify the relations between them.

可持续农业应旨在提高生物量产量和产量稳定性，同时保护土壤碳 (C) 和氮 (N) 含量。然而，很少有研究同时探讨生物炼制在不同种植系统下生物量产量、产量稳定性和土壤 C 和 N 含量的变化。在这项研究中，从 2012 年到 2017 年，在丹麦中部的肥沃沙土上同时研究了 10 种不同的种植系统，包括（1）两种一年生作物的连续单一栽培，（2）一种优化的轮作，（3）五种集约化多年生作物草，和（4）两种没有施氮（N）施肥的草豆类混合物。我们的结果表明，不同种植系统的生物量产量和产量稳定性差异很大，突出了作物的特定特征。在 10 个种植系统中，高羊茅显着增加了 0-20 cm 深度的土壤 C 和 N 含量，同时保持高生物量产量和产量稳定性。生物量产量、产量稳定性和土壤 C 和 N 含量变化之间没有明确的关系，这对最近关于增加生物量产量和保护土壤 C 和 N 含量之间的冲突的一些发现提出了挑战。事实上，缺乏关系表明，通过选择适当的种植系统和管理，在不影响土壤碳和氮含量的情况下，有相当大的潜力可以提高生物量产量和产量稳定性。总而言之，我们的研究结果强调了在同一实验平台上针对作物的生物量产量、产量稳定性和土壤 C 和 N 含量变化的记录如何促进对生物精炼厂可持续农业的理解，