This paper uses the Q methodology to identify and analyze the diverse perspectives different stakeholders held about Hawane Dam and Nature Reserve (HDNR) wetland ecosystem services (ESS), to guide conservation management actions. Using 72 representative stakeholders to sort 40 statements describing ESS into a predefined distribution and a by-person factor analysis, the results show that stakeholders held three distinct perspectives that we labelled “water users”, “conservationists”, and “traditional users”. There emerged consensus across stakeholders about the relatively high importance of the wetland purification and regulating functions, and the relative low importance of the recreation function. Farmers with relatively fewer livestock and households closer to HDNR ranked a mixture of extractive, cultural and regulation services relatively higher, while urban households ranked extractive water uses that go beyond the more traditional uses higher. Finally, water uses for household and farming activities emerged as non-controversial services, since they were ranked as very important by at least two groups and neutral by the third. The paper concludes by showing how the results contribute to conservation management and reducing problem “wickedness” (or improved problem definition).

本文使用 Q 方法来识别和分析不同利益相关者对 Hawane 大坝和自然保护区 (HDNR) 湿地生态系统服务 (ESS) 持有的不同观点，以指导保护管理行动。使用 72 位代表性利益相关者将 40 条描述 ESS 的陈述分类为预定义分布和逐人因素分析，结果表明利益相关者持有三个不同的观点，我们将其标记为“用水者”、“保护主义者”和“传统用户”。利益相关者对湿地净化和调节功能的重要性相对较高，而休闲功能的重要性相对较低达成了共识。牲畜相对较少的农民和靠近 HDNR 的家庭将采掘业、文化和监管服务相对较高，而城市家庭对超越传统用途的取水利用排名较高。最后，家庭和农业活动的用水成为无争议的服务，因为至少有两个群体将它们列为非常重要，而第三个群体将其列为中立。该论文最后展示了结果如何有助于保护管理和减少问题“邪恶”（或改进问题定义）。