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The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin ( IF 17.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-11


People recall more information after sleep than after an equally long period of wakefulness. This sleep benefit in episodic memory has been documented in almost a century of research. However, an integrative review of hypothesized underlying processes, a comprehensive quantification of the benefit, and a systematic investigation of potential moderators has been missing so far. Here, we address these issues by analyzing 823 effect sizes from 271 independent samples that were reported in 177 articles published between 1967 and 2019. Using multilevel metaregressions with robust variance estimates, we found a moderate overall sleep benefit in episodic memory (g = 0.44). Moderator analyses revealed four important findings: First, the sleep benefit is larger when stimuli are studied multiple times instead of just once. Second, for word materials, the effect size depends on the retrieval procedure: It is largest in free recall, followed by cued recall and recognition tasks. Third, the sleep benefit is stronger in pre–post difference measures of retention than in delayed memory tests. Fourth, sleep benefits are larger for natural sleep and nighttime naps than for alternative sleep study designs (e.g., slow-wave sleep; SWS-deprived sleep, daytime naps). Although there was no obvious evidence for selective reporting, it is a potential threat to the validity of the results. When accounting for selective reporting bias, the overall effect of sleep on episodic memory is reduced but still significant (g = 0.28). We argue that our results support an integrative, multicausal theoretical account of sleep-induced episodic memory benefits and provide guidance to increase their replicability.

中文翻译:

情景记忆中的睡眠益处:综合回顾和荟萃分析。

与同样长时间的清醒后相比,人们在睡眠后回忆的信息更多。这种对情景记忆的睡眠益处已在近一个世纪的研究中得到证实。然而,到目前为止,还缺少对假设的基本过程的综合审查、对益处的全面量化以及对潜在调节剂的系统调查。在这里,我们通过分析 1967 年至 2019 年间发表的 177 篇文章中报告的 271 个独立样本中的 823 个效应量来解决这些问题。使用具有稳健方差估计的多级元回归,我们发现情景记忆中的总体睡眠益处适中 (g = 0.44) . 主持人分析揭示了四个重要发现:首先,当对刺激进行多次而不是一次研究时,睡眠益处更大。二、对于word素材,效果大小取决于检索过程:在自由回忆中最大,其次是线索回忆和识别任务。第三,与延迟记忆测试相比,前后差异保留测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。它在自由回忆中最大,其次是线索回忆和识别任务。第三,与延迟记忆测试相比,前后差异保留测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。它在自由回忆中最大,其次是线索回忆和识别任务。第三,与延迟记忆测试相比,前后差异保留测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。其次是提示回忆和识别任务。第三,与延迟记忆测试相比,前后差异保留测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。其次是提示回忆和识别任务。第三,与延迟记忆测试相比,前后差异保留测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。与延迟记忆测试相比,保留前后差异测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。与延迟记忆测试相比,保留前后差异测量的睡眠益处更强。第四,自然睡眠和夜间小睡的睡眠益处大于其他睡眠研究设计(例如慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。慢波睡眠;SWS 剥夺睡眠,白天小睡)。尽管没有明显证据表明选择性报告,但它对结果的有效性构成潜在威胁。当考虑选择性报告偏差时,睡眠对情景记忆的整体影响降低但仍然显着(g = 0.28)。我们认为,我们的结果支持对睡眠诱导的情景记忆益处的综合、多因果理论解释,并为提高其可复制性提供指导。
更新日期:2022-04-11
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