To better understand the development of externalizing behavior, the current study examines how multiple levels of influence (child temperament, negative parenting, and dyadic interactions) work together to increase externalizing behaviors over time. Negative parenting (NP) and observed dynamic dyadic behavioral variability (DBV) in parent–child interactions (e.g., in discipline and compliance) are characteristic of coercive family processes. The present study first examined latent profiles of temperament in 3-year-olds (N = 150). Four temperament profiles emerged: high reactive, exuberant, low reactive, and inhibited. Temperament profiles were then examined as moderators of the effects of the age of three NP and DBV on child externalizing problems at the age of four. Exuberant temperament exacerbated the association between higher levels of NP and DBV and higher levels of child externalizing. Additionally, temperament moderated the combined effects of NP and DBV such that at low and mean levels of NP, children with exuberant temperaments who experienced higher DBV had higher externalizing behaviors, whereas at higher levels of NP, the influence of DBV was no longer significant. Results suggest pathways by which children's experiences of NP and DBV with parents contribute to their greater externalizing problems over time, in the context of the child's unique temperament profile.

中文翻译：

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了解儿童气质、消极教养和二元亲子行为变异如何相互作用以影响外化问题

为了更好地理解外化行为的发展，当前的研究考察了多层次的影响（儿童气质、消极养育和二元互动）如何共同作用以随着时间的推移增加外化行为。消极养育 (NP) 和在亲子互动中观察到的动态二元行为变异性 (DBV)（例如，在纪律和遵守方面）是强制性家庭过程的特征。本研究首先检查了 3 岁儿童气质的潜在特征（N= 150）。出现了四种气质特征：高反应性、旺盛、低反应性和抑制。然后检查气质概况作为 3 岁 NP 和 DBV 对 4 岁儿童外化问题影响的调节因素。旺盛的气质加剧了较高水平的 NP 和 DBV 与较高水平的儿童外化之间的关联。此外，气质调节了 NP 和 DBV 的综合影响，因此在 NP 的低水平和平均水平下，具有旺盛气质的儿童经历了更高的 DBV 时具有更高的外化行为，而在更高的 NP 水平下，DBV 的影响不再显着。结果表明，在孩子的背景下，孩子与父母一起经历 NP 和 DBV 的经历会随着时间的推移导致他们更大的外化问题。