ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives

Challenge and threat states have divergent effects on cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. The present research used two experiments to investigate whether challenge and threat states influence coping flexibility differently.

Design

Study 1 (N = 93) used loss-framed and gain-framed task instructions to elicit situation-specific threat and challenge evaluations, respectively, with a Null condition as a control. Study 2 (N = 86) used an online single-session Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) paradigm to present participants with exemplars related to either positive or negative resolutions of stressful situations to engender a stress-is-a-challenge or stress-is-a-threat mindset, with a mixed condition as a control.

Results

Loss-framed task instruction generated situation-specific threat evaluation, debilitated effective attention, and reduced positive affect, without altering coping flexibility measured in other scenarios. CBM-I engendered a stress-is-a-challenge mindset and maintained positive affect and coping flexibility, whereas the negative and mixed groups decreased coping flexibility. A stress-is-a-challenge mindset was positively associated with coping flexibility prior to and after exemplar priming.

Conclusions

Findings enrich the literature on stress coping and shed light on future practice by illustrating the different effects of framing and CBM-I on challenge/threat situation-specific evaluation and stress mindset, and the positive relation of stress-is-a-challenge mindset to coping flexibility.

中文翻译：

---

挑战和威胁状态对应对灵活性的影响：来自框架和范例启动的证据

摘要

背景和目标

挑战和威胁状态对认知、情感和行为反应有不同的影响。本研究使用两个实验来调查挑战和威胁状态是否会以不同方式影响应对灵活性。

设计

研究 1 ( N  = 93) 使用损失框架和增益框架任务指令分别引出特定情况的威胁和挑战评估，并以空条件作为对照。研究 2（N  = 86）使用在线单次会话认知偏差修正解释（CBM-I）范式向参与者展示与压力情况的积极或消极解决方案相关的范例，以产生压力是挑战或压力是一种威胁的心态，以混合条件作为控制。

结果

损失框架任务指令生成特定情况下的威胁评估、削弱有效注意力并减少积极影响，而不会改变在其他场景中测量的应对灵活性。CBM-I 产生了一种压力是一种挑战的心态，并保持了积极的影响和应对灵活性，而消极和混合组则降低了应对灵活性。在范例启动之前和之后，“压力就是挑战”的心态与应对灵活性呈正相关。

结论

通过说明框架和 CBM-I 对挑战/威胁情境特定评估和压力心态的不同影响，以及压力是挑战心态对应对灵活性。