As a type of emerging pollutant, microplastics exist widely in soil and continue to migrate and transform. Recently, the potential threats of microplastics to soil health and ecological environment have attracted extensive concern. Here, this review discussed the various sources and distribution, and then highlighted the migration, transformation, and ecological impacts of microplastics in soil. Microplastics mainly entered soil through mulch degradation, application of organic fertilizer, and plastic landfill, and their distribution in soil systems showed significant spatial differences. Abiotic and biotic processes, especially leaching and bioturbation, accelerate the vertical and horizontal migration of microplastics in soil systems, thus expanding their pollution range. Mechanical wear, oxidation process and biological factors are the main driving forces for the physical, chemical, and biological transformations of microplastics in soil. Furthermore, soil structure, nutrient cycling, and microbial community were affected by microplastics, which depend on the shape, polymer type, size, and concentration of the microplastics. Based on the present review, we further propose several critical challenges and directions for improving the knowledge on migration simulation, microbial degradation, and ecological impacts of microplastics in the soil systems. This review would help to better understanding the environmental behavior of microplastics in soil and its potential risks to soil health.

微塑料作为一种新兴污染物，广泛存在于土壤中，并不断迁移和转化。近年来，微塑料对土壤健康和生态环境的潜在威胁引起了广泛关注。在这里，这篇综述讨论了各种来源和分布，然后强调了土壤中微塑料的迁移、转化和生态影响。微塑料主要通过地膜降解、施用有机肥、塑料填埋等途径进入土壤，其在土壤系统中的分布呈现出显着的空间差异。非生物和生物过程，特别是浸出和生物扰动，加速了微塑料在土壤系统中的垂直和水平迁移，从而扩大了它们的污染范围。机械磨损，氧化过程和生物因素是土壤中微塑料物理、化学和生物转化的主要驱动力。此外，土壤结构、养分循环和微生物群落受到微塑料的影响，这取决于微塑料的形状、聚合物类型、大小和浓度。基于目前的综述，我们进一步提出了几个关键挑战和方向，以提高关于土壤系统中微塑料的迁移模拟、微生物降解和生态影响的知识。本综述将有助于更好地了解土壤中微塑料的环境行为及其对土壤健康的潜在风险。微塑料对微生物群落的影响取决于微塑料的形状、聚合物类型、大小和浓度。基于目前的综述，我们进一步提出了几个关键挑战和方向，以提高关于土壤系统中微塑料的迁移模拟、微生物降解和生态影响的知识。本综述将有助于更好地了解土壤中微塑料的环境行为及其对土壤健康的潜在风险。微塑料对微生物群落的影响取决于微塑料的形状、聚合物类型、大小和浓度。基于目前的综述，我们进一步提出了几个关键挑战和方向，以提高关于土壤系统中微塑料的迁移模拟、微生物降解和生态影响的知识。本综述将有助于更好地了解土壤中微塑料的环境行为及其对土壤健康的潜在风险。和土壤系统中微塑料的生态影响。本综述将有助于更好地了解土壤中微塑料的环境行为及其对土壤健康的潜在风险。和土壤系统中微塑料的生态影响。本综述将有助于更好地了解土壤中微塑料的环境行为及其对土壤健康的潜在风险。