Climate warming is predicted to stimulate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. A growing number of field studies have investigated the effect of warming on GHG fluxes, but the global responses and temperature sensitivities of all three major biogenic GHGs (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) to warming and the potential driving factors have not been well synthesized across different biomes. We conducted a meta-analysis of 2423 globally obtained observations across multiple terrestrial ecosystems (i.e., forest, shrubland, grassland, wetland, cropland and tundra) from 224 published studies. Globally, experimental warming significantly stimulated soil GHG fluxes; soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions increased by 9.9% and 17.9%, respectively, and CH₄ emissions in the lowland regions and CH₄ uptakes in the upland regions increased by 10.1% and 7.5%, respectively, under warming. These increases amounted to 2289.0 kg, 31.0 kg, and 0.5 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emissions and 1.1 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of CH₄ uptake per 1 °C globally, which translates to an additional emission of 30.3 Pg CO₂ and 2.3 Pg CO₂ equivalent (CO₂-eq) of CH₄ and N₂O fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems annually under 1 °C warming scenarios. We found that the responses and temperature sensitivities of GHG fluxes to warming were highly biome-dependent, and climate and warming duration also impacted the responses and temperature sensitivities of GHG fluxes. Moreover, warming also affected plant biomass, soil moisture, soil microbial substrate availability, and microbial biomass and function, and changes in soil moisture and plant biomass were related to the changes in GHG fluxes under warming. Our results provide strong empirical support that warming significantly increases soil GHG emissions and aboveground biomass but has no effect on soil carbon. Studies focus only on soil GHG fluxes, with no measurements of soil and plant carbon response, would overestimate the net impact of warming on the terrestrial carbon budget.

预计气候变暖会刺激土壤温室气体 (GHG) 通量。越来越多的实地研究调查了变暖对温室气体通量的影响，但所有三种主要生物温室气体（CO ₂、CH ₄和 N ₂ O）对变暖和潜在驱动因素的全球响应和温度敏感性尚未得到证实。在不同的生物群系中很好地合成。我们对来自已发表的 224 项研究的 2423 项全球获得的跨多个陆地生态系统（即森林、灌木丛、草原、湿地、农田和苔原）的观测结果进行了荟萃分析。在全球范围内，实验性变暖显着刺激了土壤温室气体通量；土壤CO ₂和N ₂在变暖的情况下，O 排放量分别增加了 9.9% 和 17.9%，低地地区的CH _{4排放量和高地地区的 CH 4}吸收量分别增加了 10.1% 和 7.5%。全球每升高1 °C，CO ₂、CH ₄和 N ₂ O 排放量分别增加 2289.0 kg、31.0 kg 和 0.5 kg ha ^-1 -1年^-1，CH _{4吸收量增加 1.1 kg ha} ^-1年^-1年，这转化为额外排放 30.3 Pg CO ₂和 2.3 Pg CO ₂当量 (CO ₂ -eq) 的 CH ₄和 N ₂在 1 °C 升温情景下，每年来自陆地生态系统的 O 通量。我们发现温室气体通量对变暖的响应和温度敏感性高度依赖于生物群落，气候和变暖持续时间也影响温室气体通量的响应和温度敏感性。此外，变暖还影响植物生物量、土壤水分、土壤微生物基质有效性以及微生物生物量和功能，并且土壤水分和植物生物量的变化与变暖下温室气体通量的变化有关。我们的结果提供了强有力的经验支持，即变暖显着增加了土壤温室气体排放和地上生物量，但对土壤碳没有影响。研究只关注土壤温室气体通量，没有测量土壤和植物碳响应，