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Modifying a Smectite using Organic Nutrients to Enhance its Efficacy at Removing Aflatoxin B1 from Corn Fermentation Solution
Clays and Clay Minerals ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-04 , DOI: 10.1007/s42860-022-00179-4
Sabrina Sharmeen Alam 1, 2 , Youjun Deng 2
Affiliation  

Aflatoxins in contaminated corn do not degrade in corn fermentation solution (CFS) during biofuel production; rather, they are enriched in the co-product, dried distillers grain. Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) is the most toxic form of all aflatoxins. Removing AfB1 from CFS is desirable to minimize its toxicity to animals. Smectites can adsorb AfB1 from aqueous solutions and, therefore, inactivate the toxin, but proteins in CFS inhibit the adsorption of AfB1 by smectites. The current study aimed to minimize the interference by CFS in adsorption of AfB1 on smectite by modifying a calcium-smectite (Ca-3MS) with a small nutritive organic compound, e.g. carnitine, choline, arginine, histidine, or tryptophan. The organo-smectites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and adsorption of AfB1 in CFS by these composites was examined. Various degrees of intercalation of the organic nutrients into the smectites were observed with XRD and FTIR. After immersing the smectite and organo-smectites in the CFS, the d001 values of Ca-3MS expanded to ~1.82 nm due to protein interaction, but the organo-smectites were confined to ~1.39 nm, which indicated that the protein had limited access to the organo-smectite interlayers. The IR bands at ~1652, 1544, 1538, and 1454 cm–1 from the organo-smectites revealed, however, that complete protein inhibition was not achieved. The organo-smectites were capable of adsorbing AfB1 in simple aqueous solution with maximal adsorption capacity up to 0.55 mol kg–1. Significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) AfB1 adsorption was achieved by choline- and carnitine-modified smectites compared with the original Ca-3MS in the presence of competing protein (pepsin) in simple aqueous solution. In real CFS, both AfB1 adsorption capacities (Qmax) and affinities (K) by all organo-smectites were greater (Qmax = up to 0.45 mol kg–1 and K = up to 0.165 μM–1) than those by Ca-3MS (Qmax = 0.22 mol kg–1 and K = 0.031 μM–1). The study suggested that using smectites modified with an organic nutritive compound could be an effective, economical, and safe strategy for removing mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, during biofuel production.



中文翻译:

使用有机营养素修饰蒙脱石以提高其从玉米发酵液中去除黄曲霉毒素 B1 的功效

在生物燃料生产过程中,受污染玉米中的黄曲霉毒素不会在玉米发酵液 (CFS) 中降解;相反,它们富含副产品干酒糟。黄曲霉毒素 B 1 (AfB 1 ) 是所有黄曲霉毒素中毒性最强的形式。从 CFS 中去除 AfB 1是可取的,以尽量减少其对动物的毒性。绿土可以从水溶液中吸附 AfB 1 ,因此使毒素失活,但 CFS 中的蛋白质抑制绿土对 AfB 1的吸附。目前的研究旨在尽量减少 CFS 对 AfB 1吸附的干扰通过用少量营养有机化合物(例如肉碱、胆碱、精氨酸、组氨酸或色氨酸)修饰钙蒙脱石 (Ca-3MS) 对绿土进行改性。通过 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱对有机蒙脱石进行了表征,并检查了这些复合材料对 CFS中 AfB 1的吸附。用 XRD 和 FTIR 观察到有机养分不同程度地嵌入绿土中。将蒙脱石和有机蒙脱石浸入 CFS 后,由于蛋白质相互作用,Ca-3MS 的d 001值扩大到 ~1.82 nm,但有机蒙脱石限制在 ~1.39 nm,这表明蛋白质的访问受限到有机蒙脱石中间层。~1652、1544、1538 和 1454 cm 处的红外波段然而,来自有机蒙脱石的–1表明,没有实现完全的蛋白质抑制。有机蒙脱石能够在简单的水溶液中吸附AfB 1 ,最大吸附量可达0.55 mol kg –1。与原始 Ca-3MS 相比,在简单水溶液中存在竞争蛋白(胃蛋白酶)的情况下,通过胆碱和肉碱修饰的蒙脱石实现了显着更大 ( p ≤ 0.05) 的 AfB 1吸附。在实际 CFS 中,所有有机蒙脱石的 AfB 1吸附容量 ( Q max ) 和亲和力 ( K ) 都更大 ( Q max = 高达 0.45 mol kg –1K = 高达 0.165 μM –1 ) 高于 Ca-3MS ( Q max = 0.22 mol kg –1K = 0.031 μM –1 )。该研究表明,在生物燃料生产过程中,使用经有机营养化合物改性的绿土可能是一种有效、经济且安全的去除霉菌毒素(包括黄曲霉毒素)的策略。

更新日期:2022-04-04
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